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AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 



^ o— -^— — » 

THE MACMILLAN COMPAN 

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO 
DALLAS • ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO.. Limited 

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TORONTO 



AN OUTLINE OF 
MODERN HISTORY 

A SYLLABUS WITH MAP STUDIES 



BY 
EDWARD MEAD EARLE, M.A. 

LECTURER IN HISTORY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 



(Intended to accompany Carlton J. H. Hayes 
A Political and Social History of Modern Europe, z Volumes.) 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
1921 

All rights reserved 



PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 






Copyright, 1921, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published July, 1921. 



Ml3'9f 



Press of 

J. J. Little & Ives Company 

New York. U. S. A. 



©CU6i4986 



INTRODUCTION 

This syllabus represents a modest attempt to provide teachers and 
students with a guide to the study of modern history. The book has 
been so arranged as to permit of considerable elasticity in its use; 
it is intended to be suggestive rather than authoritative. The topical 
outline is planned to be neither too abbreviated to provide a compre- 
hensive basis for study nor so elaborate as to furnish the student 
with a substitute for careful note-taking. It is believed that the 
syllabus will offer to teachers a useful plan for collegiate courses 
in history, without infringing upon the individual's ideas of the 
relative importance of different parts of the work. Therefore, the 
topical outline has not been divided into lessons or assignments ; no 
list of books for review or of topics for essays has been appended ; 
no hard and fast rules have been laid down for the map studies. 
To students — particularly that rapidly growing number who study 
at home — it is hoped that the syllabus will prove valuable as an aid 
in the evaluation and co-ordination of facts, as well as in providing 
a general plan of study. 

The course of study here outlined is in very large part the out- 
growth of a syllabus used with great success in a beginning course 
in modern history in Columbia University. This book, indeed, is a 
complete revision and enlargement of a third edition of that earlier 
syllabus, published by Columbia University in 1916. The author 
feels, therefore, that any success he may have had with the present 
book is due in large measure to the pioneer work of Professors 
Carlton J. H. Hayes, Austin P. Evans, and Parker Thomas Moon. 
To Professor Hayes, in particular, he feels deeply grateful for 
material assistance in the preparation of the work and for a critical 
reading of the manuscript. Also he is especially indebted to his 
wife, Beatrice Lowndes Earle, for many helpful suggestions and 
for corrections in the proof. 

Edward Mead Earle. 

Columbia University, 
June I, 1921 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Bibliographical Note .....••.. .; ra > > . . ix 

Topical Outline: 

BOOK 

I. European Society in the Sixteenth Century . . i 

II. Dynastic and Colonial Rivalry ii 

Growth of Absolutism in France and the Struggle be- 
tween Bourbons and Habsburgs in the Seventeenth 

and Eighteenth Centuries il 

The Triumph of Parliamentary Government in Eng- 
land IS 

The World Conflict of France and Great Britain . 19 

The Revolution within the British Empire ... 21 

The Germanics in the Eighteenth Century . . . 23 
The Rise of Russia and the Decline of Turkey, Poland 

and Sweden . . • , 25 

III. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" 29 

European Society in the Eighteenth Century ... 29 

The French Revolution 34 

The Era of Napoleon 38 

The Era of Metternich 41 

IV. Democracy and Nationalism 45 

The Industrial Revolution 45 

Democratic Reform and Revolution, 1830- 1848 . . 48 

The Growth of Nationalism 50 

Social Factors in Recent European History ... 55 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . 59 

Latin Europe 63 

Teutonic Europe 67 

The Russian Empire 70 

The Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire . . 74 
vii 



viii CONTENTS 

BOOK PAGE 

V. National Imperialism 79 

The New Imperialism 79 

The Spread of European Civilization in Asia . . 80 

European Civilization in the Americas .... 83 

The Partition of Africa 85 

The British Empire 86 

International Relations, 1871-1914 89 

VI. The Gre.'\t War 93 

The Causes of the War 93 

Military and Diplomatic Events of the War ... 95 

The Peace Conference and the Settlement . . . 104 
Nationalism and Republicanism during the War and 

After 107 

Other Political and Social Developments of War Time 117 

Studying and Note Taking 121 

Map Studies 125 

1. Europe in the Year 1500 129 

2. The Commercial Revolution 132 

3. Growth of the Habsburg Possessions, 1500-1598 134 

4. The Growth of France, 1500-1715 136 

5. The Colonial Conflicts of P>ance and England 138 

6. The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia, 1415-1785 140 

7. The French Revolution and the Era of Napoleon 142 

8. The Reconstruction of Europe by the Congress of 

Vienna 144 

9. The Industrial Revolution ....... 146 

ID. The Unification of Italy, 1848-1871 150 

11. The Foundation of the German Empire, 1815-1871 151 

12. The Near Eastern Question 152 

13. International Relations and the Great War . . 155 

14. Europe in 1920 158 

Book Reviews 161 

Historical Essays ....... i.. ... i^j ... . 163 



^ 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 

No attempt has been made to append to each section in the 
topical outline a list of collateral readings. This has appeared to 
be unnecessary, inasmuch as the text-book upon which this syllabus 
is based has splendid critical bibliographies at the close of each 
chapter. From these the instructor or the student may select defi- 
nite collateral readings containing more detailed accounts of par- 
ticular subjects than are afforded by the text-book itself. In some 
instances, however, where it has appeared advisable to suggest addi- 
tional material for discussion, references are made to other college 
text-books. 

A list of the principal books rcferrea to in tne syllabus, and of 
the abbreviations by which they will be cited, follows : 

Text-book Material. 

Hayes, C. J. H., A Political and Social History of Modern Europe, 
2 volumes (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1916). Vol- 
ume I cited as Hayes I; volume II cited as Hayes II. 

Hayes, C. J. M., A Brief History of the Great JVar (New York, 
The Macmillan Company, 1920). C'ted as Hayes III. 

Suggested Books for Collateral Readings. 

Bassett, J. S., A Short History of the United States (New York, 
The Macmillan Company, 1914). Cited as Bassett. 

Cheyney, E. P., An Introduction to the Industrial and Social His- 
tory of England. Revised Edition (New York, The Macmillan 
Company, 1920). Cited as Cheyney. 

Cross, A. L., A Shorter History of England and Greater Britain 
(New York, The Macmillan Company, 1920). Cited as Cross. 

Day, Clive, A History of Commerce (New York, Longmans, Green 
& Company, 1919). Cited as Day. 

Ogg, F. A., The Governments of Europe. Revised Edition (New 
York, The Macmillan Company, 1920.) Cited as Ogg. 



X BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 

Atlas Material. 

Shepherd, W. R., Historical Atlas (New York, Henry Holt & Com- 
pany, 191 1). Cited as Shepherd. 

Muir, Ramsay, Hammond's New Historical Atlc^s for Students. 
Fourth Edition. (New York, C, S. Hammond & Company, 
1920.) Cited as Muir. 

Robertson, C. C, and Bartholomew, J. G., An Historical Atlas of 
Modern Europe from 1789 to 1914 (New York, The Oxford 
University Press, 1915). Cited as Robertson. 

In studying Book VI of the Syllabus, The Great War, the student 
will find it not only advisable, but almost imperative, to supplement 
the indicated readings with constant references to contemporary 
periodicals, manuals, and similar publications. As a guide in linking 
current news with modern history, the student should consult the 
bibliographical note on pp. 724-725 of Hayes II, and a similar 
bibliography on pp. 431-436 of Hayes III. Such "laboratory work" 
will be of inestimable value in training the student in the methods 
of historical research and in the critical evaluation of material. 



An Outline of Modern History 
Book I 

FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN EUROPE: EUROPEAN 
SOCIETY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 

I. The Countries at the Opening of the Century. 

A. The new national states. 

1. Important factors in the development of each of the na- 

tional states. 
Territorial and administrative consolidation of the realm. 
Increase of the royal power through 

Suppression of disruptive forces of feudalism. 

Support of the monarch by the middle class. 

Development of an independent revenue by tlie crown. 
Decrease in the importance of representative assemblies. 

2. The national monarchies at the opening of the century. 

Hayes, I, 3-10; Atlas: Muir, 8, 15b, i8d. 

B. The old Holy Roman Empire. 

1. Contrast between the idea of empire and the idea of na- 

tional monarchy. 

2. Territorial extent of the Empire : the Germanies. 

3. Government of the Empire : the Emperor ; the Electors ; 

the Diet. 

4. Vain attempts to achieve national unity; paper reforms 

of the Diet of Worms (1495). 
Hayes, I, 10-14; Atlas: Muir, 23b. 

C. The city states. 

1. Of Germany. 

2. Of Italy. 

Political disunion in Italy and its causes. 
Political and geographical divisions of Italy. 
I 



2 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

3. Of the Netherlands. 

Hayes, I, 14-20; Atlas: Muir, 17c, 20c. 

D. Countries of northern and eastern Europe. 

1. The Scandinavian states. 

2. Grand-duchy of Muscovy (Russia). 

3. Feudal states of Poland (including Lithuania) and Hun- 

gary. 

4. The Sultanate of Turkey (Ottoman Empire). 

Hayes, I, 20-23 ; Atlas : Muir, 8, 25b, 27. 
Map Sttidy Number One (see p. 129 below). 

II. Social and Economic Institutions of the Century. 

A. Agriculture. 

1. Predominance of agriculture over other occupations; 

rural population greatly in excess of population of 
the towns. 

2. Division of the agricultural population into two classes : 

the nobility and the peasantry. 
The proprietors of the land : the landed aristocracy. 
The workers of the land : the peasantry, — serfs, free 

tenants, hired laborers, metayers. 
Preeminence of the nobility. 

3. Decline of feudalism and serfdom in western Europe. 

4. The manor and the "three field" system of agriculture. 

5. Life in the country: isolation, self-sufficiency, and con- 

servatism of the rural community. 
Hayes, I, 28-36. Cheyney, 31-46, 120-125; Atlas: 
Muir, Fig. XXVI. 

B. Commerce and industry before the commercial revolution. 

1. Freedom of life in the towns compared with feudal 

restrictions of the manor. 

2. Organization and regulation of commerce and industry: 

the gilds. 
The merchant gilds. 

Membership and organization. 
Functions : social, protective, regulative. 
Decline of the merchant gilds. 
The craft gilds. 

Membership and organization. 



THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 3 

Regulation of the processes of manufacture. 
Partial decay of the craft gilds. 

3. The nature of town life in the sixteenth century. 

4. Revival of trade with the East : commodities ; trade routes. 

5. Difficulties of European commerce. 

6. European trade centers. 

The Italian and other Mediterranean cities. 
The German towns of the Hanseatic League. 
The Flemish towns of the Netherlands. 

Hayes, I, 36-49; Cheyney, 50-62, 68-81, 126-138; 

Day, 79-99 ; Atlas : Muir, 46, 59, 60, Figs. 

XXVII, XXVIIL 

The commercial revolution. 

1. The age of exploration and discovery. 

Growth of geograpliical and maritime knowledge. 

Economic and religious motives of the Portuguese and 
Spaniards in the search for new trade routes to the 
East. 

Achievements of the Portuguese, inspired by Prince 
Henry the Navigator: the successful voyage to 
India of Vasco da Gama (1497- 1498). 

Achievements of the Spaniards: the voyages of Colum- 
bus ; circumnavigation of the earth by Magellan's 
ship (1519-1522). 

Discovery and exploration of America an incident in 
the search for new routes to "the Indies." 

2. The nature of the commercial revolution. 

The discovery of the new routes to the East. 

The importance and necessity of the new routes empha- 
sized by the advance of tlie Ottoman Turks and the 
partial closing of the old routes. 

The expansion of European commerce to include the 
whole world. 

3. The establishment of colonial empires. 

Early Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch colonization. 
Beginnings of English and French explorations. 
Motives for colonization : religious and economic. 

4. Effects of the commercial revolution. 

Decline of the Hanseatic and Italian city states and 
increasing importance of the nations of the Atlantic 
seaboard. 



AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Nationalism in commerce : the politico-economic doctrine 
of mercantilism. 

Development of business organization : commercial com- 
panies, — chartered, "regulated,'' joint-stock; banking. 

New commodities of trade. The slave trade. 

Expansion of industry and agriculture. 
5. General significance of the commercial revolution. 

Hayes, I, 27-28, 49-69; Cheyney, 138-145; Day, 72- 
JT,, 124-137; Bassett, 23-44; Atlas: Muir, 47, 48. 
Map Study Number Two. 

III. Political Events of the Century. 

The career of the Emperor Charles V (1516-1558). 

1. Extent of the Tlabsburg dominions. 

2. The wars of Charles V and Francis I (i5i5-i547)- 

Causes of the wars. The idea of a "balance of power." 
French efforts in Italy terminated by the Peace of 

Cambrai (1529). 
French expansion toward the Rhine : the treaty of 

Cateau-Cambresis (i5S9)- 

3. Wars with the Turks: attempts to retard the advance of 

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566). 

4. Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558). 

German national patriotism and the aspiration for 

national unity. 
Determination of Charles to strengthen monarchical 

power, but not on a national basis. 
Failure of German nationalism in the sixteenth century. 
The rise of Protestantism. 

5. Relations with England: Henry VIII (1509-1547) and 

Mary Tudor ( 1553" 1558). 

6. Abdication of Charles V and the division of the Habs- 

burg inheritance. 
Hayes, I, 74-87, 107; Atlas: Muir, 8. 

The power of Philip II (1556-1598) and its decline. 

1. The policies of Philip II : political, economic, and reli- 

gious, — at home and abroad. 

2. The revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1648). 

Causes: economic, political, religious, personal. 

Spread of the revolt in spite of repressive measures of 



THE HABSBURG POWER 5 

the Duke of Alva (1567-1573). William of Orange 
as leader of Dutch resistance. 

The Pacification of Ghent (1576). 

Farnese and the separation of Dutch and Belgian Neth- 
erlands : Treaty of Arras and the Union of Utrecht 

(1579). 
Formal declaration of Dutch independence (1581) ; 
recognition not achieved until peace of Westphalia 
(1648). 

3. Interference in English affairs. 

Failure of intrigue centering in person of Mary Stuart. 
Final political and economic triumph of Elizabeth : the 

defeat of the Armada (1588) a death-blow to Spanish 

naval and commercial supremacy. 

4. Interference in French affairs: the War of the Three 

Henries. 

5. League against the Turks ; Ottoman sea pov^rer crushed 

at Lcpanto (i570- 

Hayes, I, 87-109; Atlas: Muir, 20a. 
Mai) Study Number Three. 

IV. The Religious Revolution of the Century. 

The Catholic Church at the opening of the century. 

1. Peculiarities of religious organizations in 1500 as com- 

pared with the present: universal membership, universal 
financial support, universal obedience enforced by the 
power of the state. 

2. Organization of the Catholic Church. 

The hierarchy of the pope and the secular clergy. 

The regular clergy. 

General Church councils. 

Relationship between the councils and the pope in 
formulation of the canon law, promulgation of 
decrees defining dogma, and establishment of eccle- 
siastical discipline. The "conciliar movement." 

3. The nature of the claims and prerogatives of the papacy. 

Religious and ecclesiastical. 
Temporal and secular. 

4. The faith and dogmas of the Catholic Church. 

Purpose' of the Church: the salvation of souls for 
eternity. 



6 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Theology. 

The sacramental system, "the very center of CathoHc 
theology." 
S- Political opposition to the Church. 

The claims of the national monarchies incompatible with 

the claims of the Church and the clergy. 
Sources of conflict between church and state. 
Ecclesiastical appointments. 

Taxation of the clergy and of Church property. 
Jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts. 
Extent of the pope's right to intervene in secular 
affairs. 
Royal restrictions on the power of the Church. 
6. Religious opposition to the Cliurch. 

The Schism between the Catholic Church of the West 

and the Orthodox Church of the East. 
Non-Christian faiths : Mohammedanism and Judaism. 
Christian heresies and their extirpation. 
Skeptics. 

Hayes, I, 1 12-124. 

B. The Protestant revolt and the establishment of national 
Churches. 

1. The general nature of the Protestant revolt: a religious 

and political movement. 

2. The causes of the Protestant revolt. 

Political. 
Lay opposition to the secular power of the Church. 
National monarchy and national patriotism as opposed 
to international theocracy and cosmopolitan religion. 
Economic. 
The wealth of the Church. 
Ecclesiastical taxes. 

Financial abuses in ecclesiastical administration. 
Religious. 
Abuses in the Church. 

Immorality, worldliness, and extravagances of indi- 
vidual popes and lesser clerg>'men. 
Humanist attacks on these abuses. 
The rise of a new theology. 
Hayes, I, 124-130. 



THE PROTESTANT REVOLT 7 

3. Lutheranism: the Protestant revolt in Germany and 

Scandinavia. 
Martin Luther (1483-1546): his early life and training. 
Luther's heretical theology. 
Justification hy faith. 

The Ninety-five Theses (1517) an attack on indul- 
gences. 
Disputation at Leipzig: separation of Luther from 

the Church. 
Excommunication of Luther. 
Lutheranism in the Germanics. 

The Peasants' Revolt (1524-1525). 

Peasant grievances and effect of Luther's preaching. 
The demands of the peasants: The Twelve Articles. 
Luther's denunciation of the peasants' uprising. 
Spread of Lutheranism among the princes; the reli- 
gious wars. 
The religious Peace of Augsburg (1555): Provisions, 
importance, defects. 
Lutheranism in the Scandinavian countries. 
Hayes, I, 130-139. 

4. Calvinism : the Protestant revolt in Switzerland, France, 

Holland, Scotland. 
Zwingli (1484- 1 531) the forerunner of Calvinism in 

Switzerland. 
John Calvin (1509-1564) and the establishment of 
Protestantism in Switzerland. 
Calvin's early life and training. 
The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536). 
Calvin's regime at Geneva (1536-1564). 
The diffusion of Calvinism. 
Huguenotism in France. 

Middle class nature of French Protestantism. 
Nationalism in support of Catholicism. 
The Edict of Nantes (1598) and religious toleration. 
John Knox and Presbyterianism in Scotland. 
The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and 

Germany. 
Calvinist sects in England. 
Hayes, I, 139-148. 



8 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

5. Anglicanism: the Protestant revolt in England. 

Elements of hostility to the Catholic Church in England 
about 1525. 
Religious. 
Political. 

Personal: the marital difficulties of Henry VIII. 
The break with the Catholic Church under Henry VIII. 
Anti-ecclesiastical measures of 1531 and the excom- 
munication of the King. 
The Act of Supremacy, 1534. 
The Six Articles, 1539: reaffirmation of Catholic 

dogma and faith. 
Henry's "middle of the road" policy. 
Church of England becomes Protestant under Exlward 

VI (1547-1553). 

Temporary reversion to Catholicism under Mary Tudor 

(1553-1558). 
Deffiiite fashioning of Anglicanism : the reign of 

Elizabeth (1558-1603). 
English dissent from Anglicanism. 

Hayes, I, 148-156. 

C. The Catholic reformation. 

1. Catholic complaints against abuses in the Church. 

2. Nature of the Catholic reformation. 

Removal of abuses under the reforming popes. 
The Council of Trent (1545-1563). 
Dogmatic canons : no compromise with Protestantism. 
Reformatory canons : condemnation and prohibition of 
abuses. 
Consolidation of reforms of the Council of Trent and 
the enforcement of ecclesiastical discipline : Index 
and Inquisition. 

3. Catholic missionary zeal : Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits. 

4. Political and economic factors in the Catholic reformation. 

Hayes, I, 156-164. 

D. Summary of the religious revolution of the sixteenth century. 

1. Achievement of the Protestant revolt and the Catholic 

reformation by 1570. 

2. Geographical extent of the Protestant revolt. 

3. Recapitulation of doctrinal differences. 

Doctrines held in common by Catholics and Protestants. 



SIXTEENTH CENTURY CULTURE 9 

Doctrines held by all Protestants apart from Catholics. 
Divisions among Protestants. 
4. General significance of the religious revolution. 

Hayes, I, 164-169; Atlas: Muir, Figs. IV, V, XIV. 

V. The Culture of the Sixteenth Century. 

A. Heritage from the past. 

1. From the Greeks and Romans. 

2. From the Mohammedans. 

3. From the mediaeval Christians. 

The universities the centers of intellectual life. 
Curricula of the mediaeval universities. 
Beginnings of the vernacular languages. 
Gothic architecture. 
Hayes, I, 175-177. 

B. The invention of printing and the diffusion of knowledge. 

1. Essential elements in the perfection of printing. 

Development of paper. 
Development of movable type. 

2, Results of the invention of printing. 

Increase in the supply of books. 

Greater degree of accuracy as compared with manual 

copying. 
Diffusion of knowledge and the broadening of education. 

Hayes, I, 177-180. 

C. Humanism. 

1. Petrarch (1304-1374), "the father of humanism." 

2. Definition of humanism. 

3. Humanism in the sixteenth century. 

Toleration and encouragement of humanism by the 

Catholic Church. 
Spread of humanism. 

Erasmus (1466-1536), foremost humanist of the century. 
Humanism and Protestantism. 

4. Decline of humanism. 

Hayes, I, 180-185. 

D. Art : architecture, sculpture, and painting. 

1. General nature of artistic development: the adaptation of 

classical art-forms to Christian uses. 

2. Sixteenth century the basis of modern artistic life. 



10 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

3. Great artists of Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and 
Spain. 
Hayes, I, 185-192. 

E. Development of music and musical instruments. 

Hayes, I, 192. 

F. The national literatures. 

1. Latin the universal language of culture in the middle 

ages. 

2. Gradual spread of the vernacular languages. 

3. National literatures of the sixteenth century a result of 

complex social developments. 

4. Literature and authors in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, 

Germany, England. 
Hayes, I, 193-196. 

G. Beginnings of modern natural science. 

1. Scientific characteristics of the century. 

Humanism, — the spirit of criticism and the expansion of 

intellectual interests. 
The invention of printing. 
Maritime discovery and the expansion of geographical 

knowledge. 
The development of the sciences and of scientific method. 

2. Development and popularization of the science of 

astronomy. 
Limitations of mediaeval astronomical knowledge. 

Ignorance and superstition : horoscopes and astrology. 
The Ptolemaic System. 
Copernicus (i473-i543) and his theory of the solar 

system. 
The Copernican System developed and popularized: 
Kepler (1571-1630) and Galileo (1564-1642). 

3. Effective beginnings of modern scientific method. 

Deductive reasoning the prevalent scientific method of 

ancient and mediaeval scholars ; its limitations and 

defects. 
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) : emphasis upon the necessity 

of inductive reasoning in scientific advance. 
Descartes (1596-1660): emphasis upon observation and 

experiment in the collection of facts. 

Hayes, I, 196-201. 



Book II 

DYNASTIC AND COLONIAL RIVALRY 



PAET I. THE GROWTH OF ABSOLUTISM IN FEANCE AND THE 
STRUGGLE BETWEEN BOURBONS AND HABSBURGS IN THE 
SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES 



I. Growth of Absolutism in France under Henry IV, 
Richelieu, and Mazarin. 

A. Introductory : review of French affairs in the sixteenth century. 

1. Political: the nobles and the Protestants threaten the 

royal power. 

2. Religious. 

Wars between Guises and Bourbons; Catherine de 
Medici and the policy of "trimming." 

Qualified religious toleration: the Edict of Nantes 
(1598). 

3. Economic. 

Waste and ruin attendant upon the protracted civil and 

religious wars. 
Bankruptcy of the national treasury. 

B. The reign of Henry IV (1589-1610). 

1. Economic reorganization: the reforms of Sully. 

Retrenchment and efficiency in government finance. 
Agricultural development. 

2. Economic reorganization: encouragement of the middle 

class. 
Foundations of the silk industry. 
Colonial and commercial development. 

3. Foreign affairs: the "Grand Design." 

C. The regency of Marie de Medici (1610-1624). 

1. Extravagance and unpopularity of Marie de Medici. 

2. Futile meeting of the Estates General (1614). 

II 



12 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

D. Richelieu (1624-1642) and the triumph of absolutism. 

1. Two-fold aim of Richelieu's policies. 

Supremacy of the royal power in France. 
Predominance of France in European affairs. 

2. The achievement of absolutism. 

Disappearance of representative government. 

Reorganization of the royal army. 

Removal of political privileges of the Huguenots. 

Repression of the nobles. 

Administrative centralization: the intcndants. 

3. Significance of the regime of Richelieu. 

E. Mazarin (164^-1661) and consolidation of the work of Riche- 

lieu. 

1. The Fronde (1648-1653), 

2. Results of the Fronde. 

The nobility discredited. 

Financial and political privileges of the parlements 

revoked. 
Paris disarmed and deprived of local self-government. 
The last attempt before the Revolution to cast off royal 

absolutism. 
Hayes, I, 209-218. 

II. The Thirty Years* War (1618-1648). 

A. The dynastic character of wars in the seventeenth century: 

rivalry of the Habsburgs and the P)Ourbons. 

B. Religious and political antecedents of the War in the Germanics. 

1. Weaknesses of the Peace of Augsburg. 

2. The union of Protestant princes and the Catholic League 

of Princes. 

3. Particularism and jealousies of the German princes. 

4. Foreign allies of the princes. 

C. The four periods of the War. 

1. The Bohemian Revolt (1618-1620). 

2. The Danish period (1625-1629). 

3. The Swedish period (1630- 1635). 

Causes : the policies and ambition of Gustavus Adolphus 

(161 1 -1632). 
The occasion: the imperial Edict of Restitution (1629). 
The allies of Sweden. 



THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR 13 

Generalship of Gustavus Adolphus. 

Defeat and death of Tilly (April, 1632). 
Defeat of Wallenstein (November, 1632); Gustavus 
Adolphus killed. 
Treaty of Prague (1635). 
4. The French, or international, period (1635-1648). 

Richelieu's motives : the War as a phase of the rivalry 

of Bourbons and Habsburgs. 
French military supremacy : Conde and Turenne. 

D. The Peace of Westphalia (1648). 

1. Political provisions. 

2. Religious provisions : permanence of the religious settle- 

ment. 

3. Significance of the treaties of Westphalia in Germany. 

4. Humiliation of the Habsburgs and increased prestige of 

the Bourbons. 

E. Economic ruin of Germany a result of the protracted struggle. 

F. The Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) ; termination of the struggle 

between France and Spain. 

G. The Thirty Years' War and international law. 

1. The origins and development of international law and 

diplomacy. 

2. Influence of the Thirty Years' War on international law. 

The theory of independent sovereign states vs. the 

theory of Empire. 
The brutality of the War: the need for protection of 

non-combatants, sick, and wounded. 

3. Hugo Grotius ; first systematic treatise on international 

law, On the Law of War and Peace. 
Hayes, I, 218-232. Atlas : Muir, 9, Fig. XX. 

III. The Age of Louis XIV. 

A. Absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715). 

1. The ministry of Mazarin terminated (1661) by death; 

personal rule of the King (1661-1715). 

2. Louis XIV the heir to absolutist tendencies. 

3. Bossuet and the theory of monarchy by "Divine Right." 

4. Louis XIV the foremost personification of Bossuet's 

theory: "The Age of Louis XIV." 



14 • AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B. The government of France. 

1. Administration : "rule of the robe." 

2. Economic reform : the ministry of Colbert. 

Colbert (1619-1683) : his career and middle class point 

of view. 
Attempted financial reform. 

Encouragement of agriculture, industry, and commerce. 
French mercantilism under Colbert. 
Colbert's "world policy." 

3. Militarism : military reorganization under Louvois and 

Vauban. 

4. Splendor and glamour of the government deceptive of 

the true economic condition of the country. 

C. Religious policies of Louis XIV. 

I. Persecution of the Protestants and revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes (1685). 
Hayes, I, 235-242. 

D. Foreign policies of Louis XIV: extension of French frontiers. 

1. Traditional French policy of opposition to the Habsburgs. 

2. The doctrine of "natural boundaries." 

3. Habsburg territories coveted by France. 

E. The wars of Louis XIV. 

1. The War of Devolution (1667-1668). 

Cause: Maria Theresa's "claim" to the Spanish Neth- 
erlands. 
Isolation of Spain by diplomacy. 

The Triple Alliance to preserve the "balance of power." 
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). 

2. The Dutch War (1672-1678). 

Franco-Dutch rivalry, political and economic. 
Diplomatic isolation of Holland. 
Internal strife in Holland. 
Invasion of Holland by the French. 

Intervention of the Emperor, the Elector of Branden- 
burg, and Spain. Threatened English intervention. 
Treaty of Nijmwcgen (1678). 
Effects of the Dutch War on France. 

3. War of the League of Augsburg, or of the Palatinate 

(1689-1697). 
Causes. 
The French "Chambers of Reunion." 



THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV 15 

French annexations without war. 
The League of Augsburg (1686) to resist French 

aggression. 
French invasion of the Palatinate. 
Holland and England, under William III, join the 

League of Augsburg. 
Beginning of a new Hundred Years' War between 

France and England, — dynastic, colonial, commercial. 
Treaty of Ryswick (1697). 

4. War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713). 

The question of the Spanish succession creates a deli- 
cate international situation. 

Rival claimants to the inheritance in default of a 
male heir to Charles II. 

"Balance of power": objection to both claimants. 

Commercial and colonial complications. 

Will of Charles II: accession of Philip of Anjou. 
The Grand Alliance against the Bourbons. 
French military reverses : the invasion of France. 
The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) and its significance. 

5. Disastrous effects of wars of Louis XIV upon France. 

Decline of France. 

1. Last years of Louis XIV. 

2. Misgovernment during the minority of Louis XV. 

Hayes, I, 242-258; Atlas: Muir, 10, 150. 
Map Study Number Four. 



PAET n. THE TRIUMPH OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN 

ENGLAND. 

I. Conflicting Political Tendencies in England: Absolutism 
versus Parliamentarianism. 

A. Absolutism of the Tudors (1485-1603), a precedent for the 
Stuarts. 

1. Absolutism achieved earlier in England than in France. 

2. Strengthening of the royal power under the Tudors. 

3. Signs of opposition to absolutism in the last days of 

Elizabeth. 

4. Accession of the Stuart Dynasty (1603) : absolutism in 

theory as well as in practice. 



i6 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

The Stuarts, heirs to the absolutist practice of the 
Tudors. 

James I (1603-1625) and the Stuart theory of divine- 
right monarchy, — "a dco rex, a rege lex." 

B. The English tradition of restrictions upon royal power: the 

evolution of constitutional government. 

1. Magna Carta (1215). 

2. The origins and development of Parliament. 

The House of Lords. 
The House of Commons. 

3. Evolution of the powers of Parliament. 

C. Practices of absolutism inconsistent with the tradition of 

representative government : the struggle between Parlia- 
ment and James I. 

1. Early controversies between King and Parliament become 

increasingly bitter. 

Extravagance of the King and parsimony of the Com- 
mons : "illegal taxation." 

Attempts of Parliament to control appointments and 
foreign policy. 

2. Political dispute complicated by religious factors. 

Calvinism in England. 

"Puritans" in the Anglican Church. 

Independents, or Separatists. 
Insistence of the King upon uniformity: the Hampton 

Court Conference (1604). 
Hatred of the Puritans for James I. 

3. Commercial and religious opposition to foreign policy 

of the King. 

4. Interconnection of Puritanism, commercialism, and par- 

liamentarianism. 

D. Struggle for parliamentary government continued : Charles I 

(1625- 1649). 

1. Character of Charles I ; his devotion to absolutism. 

2. Continuation of the conflict between King and Parliament. 

Dissolution of the first and second parliaments. 

The third Parliament and the Petition of Right (1628). 

3. "Personal" rule of Charles I, 1629- 1640. 

Taxation without consent of Parliament. 

Miscellaneous devices for procuring a revenue. 

The obnoxious "ship money" : trial of John Hampden. 



THE PURITAN REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND 17 

Religious controversies. 
Policies of Archbishop Laud. 
Enforcement of uniformity. 
Outbreak of the Scotch revolt (1638) and its success 
compel the King to seek aid from Parliament. 
The Short Parliament. 
Convocation of the Long Parliament (1640). 

Hayes, I, 261-274, 294; Cross, 264-269, 283-285. 



II. The Puritan Revolution. 

A. Reforms of the Long Parliament. 

r. Impeachment and arrest of Wentworth and Laud. 

2. Abolition of special tribunals. 

3. Renewed prohibition of illegal taxation. 

4. The "Triennial Act." 

B. The Great Rebellion (1642-1646). 

1. Violation of parliamentary privileges by the King leads 

to the passage of laws without his consent and to 
the levy of troops against his will. 

2. Parties to the Civil War: Cavaliers and Roundheads. 

3. Divisions among the revolutionists ; predominance of the 

Presbyterians in the Long Parliament. 

4. Presbyterian phase of the revolt. 

"Solemn League and Covenant" with the Scots (1643). 
Battle of Marston Moor (1644). 
Religious intolerance. 
Negotiations for the restoration of the King. 

5. The Independents and the "New Alodel" army: Oliver 

Cromwell. 

C. The Commonwealth (1649-1660). 

1. The "Rump" Parliament and the declaration of the 

Commonwealth. 

2. Reasons for the success of the oligarchical Common- 

wealth. 

3. Popular and successful foreign policy. 

Navigation Act, 1651. 
Trade wars with the Dutch. 

4. Restoration of order. 

Execution of the King (1649). 



i8 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Ruthless suppression of tlie Irish rebeUion. 
Defeat of the Scots. 

5. Dissohition of the Rump Parhament by Cromwell (1653). 

6. The Protectorate (1653-1659). 

Character and career of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658). 

Transition from Commonwealth to Protectorate : "Bare- 
bone's Parliament." 

The "Instrument of Government." 

Parliament under the Protectorate. 

Sources of strength and weakijess of the Protectorate. 

Disorganization following the death of Cromwell : 
failure of Richard Cromwell. 
Hayes, I, 274-281 ; Atlas : Muir, 38, 40a. 

Ill, The Restoration. 

A. The royalist reaction. 

1. Popular grievances against the Protectorate. 

2. Opposition to Puritanism. 

B. Conditions of the restoration of Charles II (1660-1685). 

C. Renewed constitutional conflict between King and Parliament. 

1. Financial disputes. 

Extravagances of the King. 
Illicit revenue. 
Treaty of Dover (1670). 

2. Religious disputes. 

Parliamentary reaction in favor of Anglicanism. 
Royal leanings toward Roman Catholicism : "Declara- 
tion of Indulgence" (1672). 
Popular fear of Catholicism: the Exclusion Bill (1679). 

3. Party alignments : Whigs and Tories. 

D. The reign of James II (1685-1688). 

I. Alienation of popular sympathy and support: disastrous 
combination of absolutism and Roman Catholicism. 
Hayes, I, 281-287. 

IV. The "Glorious Revolution": the Establishment of 
Parliamentary Government. 

A. Dethronement of James II (1688) and the accession of William 
and Mary. 



"THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION" 19 

B. The constitutional settlement. 

1. The Bill of Rights (1689). 

2. The Mutiny Act (1689). 

3. The Act of Settlement (1701). 

4. The Act of Union with Scotland (1707). 

C. The religious settlement: The Act of Toleration (1689). 

D. Accession of the Hanoverians: the era of Whig domination 

(1714-1761). 

1. Continued decline of the royal power under George I 

(1714-1727) and George II (1727-1760). 

2. Development of the Cabinet and ministerial responsibility 

to Parliament. 

3. The ministry of Robert Walpole (1721-1742). 

4. Policies of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 

E. Summary of English constitutional development in the seven- 

teenth and early eighteenth centuries. 

1. Repudiation of the theory of monarchy by divine right. 

2. Supremacy of Parliament and ministers responsible to 

Parliament. 

3. Reasons for early development of constitutional govern- 

ment in England. 

4. English government parliamentary, not democratic. 

"Unreformed" House of Commons. 
Restricted suffrage: the commercial aristocrats. 
House of Lords: the landed aristocrats. 
Hayes, I, 287-293, 295. 



PART III. THE WORLD CONFLICT OF FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN 

I. French and English Colonies in the Seventeenth Century. 
Relative Position of the Rivals in 1688. 

A. Claims and possessions in America. 

B. Early colonial establishments in Africa. 

C. Erench and English rivalry in India. 

1. India a field for commerce and trade, not for colonization. 

2. Disunion and weakness of the Mogul empire. 

Religious causes. 

Geographic and economic causes. 



20 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

3. Important English possessions in India. 

4. French posts in India. 

D. Comparative resources of France and England. 

Hayes, I, 299-306; Bassett, 81, 111-115; Atlas: Muir, 

54a. 
Map Study Number Five (Part A). 

II. Preliminary Encounters, 1 689-1 748. 

A. War of the League of Augsburg in its colonial aspects : King 

William's War (1689-1697)- 

I. Indecisive character of the peace of Ryswick. 

B. War of the Spanish Succession : Queen Anne's War in America 

(1702- 1 713). 

1. Military operations in the American colonies. 

2. Importance of the Peace of Utrecht. 

English gains in America and in the Mediterranean. 
The Asiento. 

C. The interlude of peace, 1713-1739. 

1. French aggressiveness in America and in India. 

2. Trade disputes between Spain and Great Britain : the 

War of Jenkins's Ear (1739). 

D. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) : King George's 

War in the colonies (1744-1748). 

1. Indecisive character of the military operations in America. 

2. The struggle in India: Dupleix. 
?. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Hayes, I, 306-312; Bassett, 115-120; Atlas: Muir, 
49a. 

III. The Triumph of Great Britain: The Seven 
Years' War, 1756-1763. 

A. World-wide extent of the Seven Years' War. 

B. The war in North America : the French and Indian War 

(1754-1763). 

1. The struggle for the possession of the Ohio Valley. 

2. English invasion of Canada: Montcalm versus Wolfe. 

3. Futile intervention of Spain. 

4. British successes and the downfall of "New France." 



ANGLO-FRENCH COLONIAL CONFLICTS 21 

C. The Seven Years' War in India. 

1. The rival leaders: Give and Dupleix. 

2. French failure in the Carnatic. 

3. Clive's campaign in Bengal: Plassey (1757). 

4. Fall of Pondicherry (1761) ; collapse of the French 

dominion in India. 

D. Colonial aspects of the Treaty of Paris. 

1. Remnants of the French colonial empire in America and 

in India. 

2. The settlement with Spain. 

3. Great gains of England. 

E. Significance of the Seven Years' War. 

1. Establishment of the British Empire and the spread of 

the English language and English civilization. 

2. British commercial and maritime supremacy. 

3. Temporary ruin of France,— colonial, commercial, naval, 

financial. 

F. Aftermath of the Seven Years' War: French participation in 

the War of American Independence. 

Hayes, I, 312-319; Bassett, 121-132; Atlas: Muir, 

50a, 55, 56a, 6ia. 
Map Study Number Five (Parts B and C). 



PART IV. THE REVOLUTION WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE 

I. The British Colonial System in the Eighteenth Century. 

A. Mercantilism the keynote of British colonial policy. 

1. Mercantilism in theory and practice. 

Regulation of colonial industry and commerce. 
Taxation. 

2. Early colonial toleration of mercantilist restrictions. 

The policy of "salutary neglect" and other factors. 

3. Altered situation after the French and Indian War: 

policies of George III. 

4. "Taxation without representation." 

The financial measures of the Grenville ministry. 
The Townshend Acts (1767). 
Increasing colonial resistance. 



22 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B. Failure of mercantilism in the American colonies. 

1. The ministry of Lord North. 

Failure of conciliation. 

The "Intolerable Acts" (1774). 

2. Colonial non-importation agreements. 

Hayes, I, 322-3^1 ; Bassett, 99-101, 140-145, 157-158. 
161-179. 

II. The War of American Independence. 

A. Outbreak of the revolt of the thirteen colonies. 

B. Declaration of Independence (1776). 

1. The colonies as a belligerent nation. 

2. Influence of French philosophical radicals. 

C. Grave difficulties of the revolutionists and early British suc- 

cesses. 

D. The French alliance and the diplomatic isolation of Great 

Britain. 

E. The War in Europe and America. 

F. The defeat of Great Britain. 

1. Treaties of Paris and Versailles (1783). 

2. Settlement between Great Britain and Holland (1784). 

Hayes, I, 332-337 ; Atlas : Muir, 55, 56a. 

III. The Reformation of the British Empire. 

A. New conciliatory colonial policy. 

1. Political concessions in Canada, India, Ireland. 

2. Economic concessions : decline and gradual abandonment 

of mercantilism: laisser-faire. 

B. Extension and solidification of the British Empire. 

1. India : conquests and administrative reforms of Hastings 

and Cornwallis. 

2. The Straits Settlements and Australia. 

Hayes, I, 337-340. 



HOHENZOLLERNS VS. HABSBURGS 23 



PAST V. THE GEEMANIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY 

I. Deplorable Condition of Germany after the 
Thirty Years' War. 

A. Political : the Holy Roman Empire in decline. 

1. Persistence of the forms of the Empire in spite of declin- 

ing power and prestige, 

2. Low ebb of national enthusiasm. 

3. Foreign intervention and influence in the affairs of the 

Empire. 

4. "Sovereignty" and particularism of the princes. 

B. Social : moral and intellectual torpor. 

C. Economic : paralysis of industry and commerce. 

1. Decline in wealth and influence of the commercial classes : 

abandonment of the Hanseatic League. 

2. Impoverishment and oppression of the peasantry. 

Hayes, I, 342-344- 

II. The Habsburg Dominions. 

A. The possessions of Charles VI (1711-1740). 

B. Check upon Habsburg ambitions in the Germanics. 

1. Non-German interests and problems a source of weakness 

to the Habsburgs. 

2. The Habsburgs a source of weakness to tlie Germanics. 

3. Continued prestige of the Habsburgs in German affairs. 

C. Question of the Habsburg inheritance. 

1. The "Pragmatic Sanction" of Charles VI. 

2. Diplomatic negotiations to secure recognition of the 

Pragmatic Sanction. 

3. Accession of Maria Theresa (1740-T780). 

Hayes, I, 344-347: Atlas: Muir, 25a; Robertson, 
19. 

III. The Rise of Prussia. 

A. The rising fortunes of the house of Hohenzollern. 
I. Early history and territorial acquisitions. 



24 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B. Brandenburg under Frederick William, the Great Elector 

(1640- 1688). 

1. Gains of Brandenburg by Peace of Westphalia. 

2, Reforms of the Great Elector. 

Administrative consolidation of the realm : the accom- 
plishment of absolutism. 
Financial retrenchment and economic development. 
Military reorganization. 

C. Brandenburg-Prussia a kingdom. 

1. Frederick I, "King in Prussia" (1701). 

2. Benevolent despotism of Frederick William I. 

Further administrative centralization : the "general 

directory." 
Development of military strength and efficiency. 
Financial reform. 
Social and economic development. 

3. Accession of Fretlerick II (1740). 

Hayes, I, 347-352, 363 ; Atlas : Muir, 24a. 
Map Study Number Six. 

IV. The Minor German States. 

A. Bavaria. 

I. Religious and international policies of the Wittelsbachs, 

B. Saxony. 

1. Strategic geographical position of Saxony. 

2. Prestige of Saxony. 

3. Weaknesses in the position of the Wettin family. 

C. Hanover. 

Hayes, I, 352-354- 

V. The Struggle between HohenzoUerns and Habsburgs. 

A. Comparative resources of the HohenzoUerns and Habsburgs in 

1740. 

1. Relative military and financial strength. 

2. Leadership: Frederick the Great (1740-1786) versus 

Maria Theresa (1740- 1780). 

B. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). 

1. The coalition against Maria Theresa. 

2. Outbreak of the war : Prussian occupation of Silesia. 



THE RISE OF PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA 25 

3. The allies of Maria Theresa. 

4. Course of the war. 

5. Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

6. Significance of the War of the Austrian Succession in 

German afifairs. 

C. The Seven Years' War (1756- 1763). 

1. Alignment of the powers for the struggle : the "Diplo- 

matic Revolution." 

2. Outbreak of hostilities in Europe : the invasion of Saxony 

(1756). 

3. Precarious position of Prussia : the brilliant generalship 

of Frederick. 

4. Withdrawal of Russia from the coalition. 

5. Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763). 

6. Significance of the Seven Years' War in the struggle 

between Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns. 

D. The first partition of Poland (1772). 

1. Acquisitions of Prussia and of Austria. 

2. Effects of the partition upon Prussia and upon Austria. 

E. Summary of the conflict between Hohenzollerns and Habsburgs 

in the eighteenth century. 

Hayes, I, 354-362; Atlas: Muir, 10, 24a, 26b; 
Robertson, 11, 19, 27, 



PART VI. THE RISE OF RUSSIA AND THE PECLINE OF TURKEY, 
SWEDEN, AND POLAND 



I. Russia in the Seventeenth Century. 

A. Contrast between the Russia of the seventeenth century and the 

Russia of 1914. 

B. The expansion of Russia. 

1. Factors in extension of the Russian dominion. 

2. Russian expansion in Europe. 

3. Migration of the Russians into Asia. 

4. Extension of territory and extension of the power of the 

tsar. 

C. Oriental characteristics of Russia. 

I. Religious. 



26 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

2. Social : contact with the East. 

3. Natural obstacles in the way of association with the West. 

Predominance of agriculture. 
Lack of seaports. 

D. The "troublous times" and the accession of the Romanovs. 
Hayes, I, 366-369, 389; Atlas: Muir, 26, 27. 

II. Peter the Great (1682-1725): Decline of Sweden. 

A. Accession as sole ruler (1696) and early travels of Peter the 

Great. 

B. Europeanization of Russia : the reforms of Peter the Great. 

1. Political : the establishment of absolutism. 

Suppression of the slrcltsi. 

Reorganization of the army. 

Subordination of Church to state : the Holy Synod. 

Administrative centralization in the person of the tsar. 

2. Social and economic. 

Introduction of occidental customs. 

Bungling attempts to encourage agriculture, industry, 
commerce. 

C. Foreign policy of Peter the Great. 

1. Aims of his policy. 

Aggrandizement in the east. 
"Windows" to the west. 

2. Obstacles in the way of realization : Sweden and Turkey. 

D. Russian aggrandizement at the expense of Sweden. 

1. Greatness of Sweden in the seventeenth century. 

Political : the imperialism of Gustavus Adolphus and his 

successors. 
Religious. 
Economic : importance of Sweden in the Baltic trade. 

2. Weaknesses of the position of Sweden at the opening of 

the eighteenth century. 

3. Coalition against Charles XII (1697-1718) : proposed par- 

tition of 1699. 

4. Military exploits of the boy king : the Great Northern 

War (1699-1721). 
Poltava (1709) the high water mark of the fortunes of 
Charles XII. 



THE PARTITIONS OF POLAND 27 

Death of Charles (1718). 
Treaties of Stockholm (1719 and 1720). 
Treaty of Nystad (1721) : partial achievement of the 
western policy of Peter the Great. 

E. Failure of Peter's attempted expansion at the expense of Turkey. 
Hayes, I, 369-379- 

III. Catherine the Great (1762-1796): Defeat of Turkey and 
Dismemberment of Poland. 

A. Reforms of Catherine II : the extension of absolutism. 

B. Foreign policy: Russian aggrandizement at the expense of 

Poland. 

r. The Kingdom of Poland in the eighteenth century : causes 
of weakness and disunion. 

Geographical. 

Ethnological. 

Religious. 

Social. 

Political. 

2. Early Russian interference in Polish affairs : the election 

of 1764. 

3. The partition of Poland. 

First partition (1772). 
Second partition (1793). 
Third partition (1795). 

C. Foreign policy: Russian aggrandizement at the expense of 

Turkey. 
I.' Decline of Ottoman power in the seventeenth century. 

2. Weaknesses of the Turkish empire. 

3. Catherine's war with the Turks (1768- 1774). 

Russian successes. 

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774). 

Importance of the treaty. 

Hayes, I, 379-388; Atlas: Muir, 26, 2-]; Robertson, 
27, 29. 



Book III 

"LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY" 

PART I: EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 

I. Social and Economic Conditions of the Century. 

A. General similarity of sixteenth century and eighteenth century 

life. 

B. Agriculture in the eighteenth century. 

1. Survival of primitive methods. 

2. Beginnings of better agriculture: "gentlemen farmers" 

and "husbandry." 
3- Persistence of manorial system, with some modifications. 

4. Burden of taxation on the peasantry. 

5. Sorry condition of the peasantry. 

C. Commerce and industry in the eighteenth century. 

1. Remarkable development of town life. 

2. General nature of industry in the eighteenth century. 

Production for other than the home market. 
Restrictions on industry. 

Survival of gild regulations. 

Government regulation : mercantilism. 
Mercantilist encouragement of new industries. 

3. Commerce in the eighteenth century. 

Restrictions and handicaps. 

Poor transportation. 

Internal tariffs and customs. 

Mercantilism. 
Remarkable growth of commerce. 

4. Social consequences of the development of industry and 

commerce. 
Rise of the bourgeoisie. 
29 



30 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

D. Society in the eighteenth century. 

1. The "privileged" classes and their privileges. 

2. Declining usefulness of the privileged classes. 

The higher nobility. 

Feudal services no longer necessary. 
Absentee landlordism. 
The higher clergy. 

Hayes, I, 395-406; H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in 
England (New York, 1916), 265-340. 

II. Religious and Ecclesiastical Conditions of the Century. 

A. The Roman Catholic Church. 

1. Extent. 

2. Organization, faith, and dogmas. 

3. Disappearance of secular privileges in Protestant countries. 

4. Relations between Church and State in Catholic countries. 

Curtailment of papal privileges. 
Surviving privileges of the Church. 

5. Internal dissensions. 

Jansenism. 

Febronianism and Ultramontanism. 

Suppression of the Jesuit order (1773). 

B. The Anglican Church. 

1. Privileged position of the Established Church in the 

pjritish Isles. 

2. Illiberal policy toward Protestant Dissenters and Roman 

Catholics. 
In England and Scotland. 
In Ireland. 

3. Dissenting Protestant sects in England. 

Presbyterians and Separatists. 
Baptists, Unitarians, Quakers. 
Methodists : significance of the Methodist movement. 

C. Protestant churches on the Continent. 

1. The Lutheran churches. 

2. The Reformed churches. 

3. Extent of Protestantism on the Continent. 

D. Growth of skepticism and indifiference. 

I. Deism and its results. 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SOCIETY 31 

E. Summary of the religious situation in the eighteenth century. 

1. Nationalism in religion. 

Protestant state churches. 

Nationalism in Catholic countries : "Liberties of the 
Gallican Church." 

2. Differences of doctrine and organization promote disunity 

among Protestant sects. 

3. Numbers and influence of the assailants of Christianity. 

Hayes, I, 406-414. 

III. Scientific and Intellectual Developments of the Century. 

A. Science in the eighteenth century. 

1. The scientific spirit: debt to Bacon and Descartes. 

2. Progress of experimental science. 

The achievements of Sir Isaac Newton in astronomy and 
physics. 

Experimentation in electricity, chemistry, physiology, 
medicine. 

Extension of geographical knowledge: scientific explora- 
tion. 

3. Popularity of the new science. 

B. Philosophy: the spirit of progress and reform in the eighteenth 

century. 

1. Growing confidence in the powers of the human mind : 

■'rationalism." 

2. Rationalist philosophy. 

Importance of the writings of the Englishman John 

Locke (1632- I 704). 
Rationalism in France. 
The influence of Voltaire (1694-1778). 
Popularization of rationalism: Diderot and the Ency- 
clopedists. 

3. Political philosophy. 

Political theories of John Locke. 

Criticism of political institutions: Montesquieu (1689- 

1755); Rousseau (1712-1778). 
Criticism of the administration of justice: Beccaria. 

4. Social and economic philosophy. 

Speculations of Rousseau on private property. 
New ideas of education expounded by Rousseau. 



32 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Beginnings of the science of political economy. 
The Physiocrats and the doctrine of laisser-faire: 

Quesnay and Turgot. 
Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (1776), 
Hayes, I, 414-426 

IV. Political Institutions: European Governments of the 
Eighteenth Century. 

A. The British monarchy. 

1. Territories of the British monarchy. 

England (including Wales) and Scotland. 

The royal colonies. 

Ireland. 

Semi-independence of Ireland (1782-1801): the Irish 

Parliament. 
Act of Union : Irish representation in the Parliament 
of the United Kingdom. 

2. The king and Parliament. 

Nominal powers of the king. 

Constitutional limitations upon the powers of the king. 

The powers of Parliament. 

3. Undemocratic character of Parliament. 

The aristocratic House of Lords. 
Unrepresentative House of Commons. 

Restricted suffrage. 

Unequal apportionment of representation. 

Corruption in elections. 

4. Parliament and the Cabinet. 

Influence of parliamentary bribery and corruption. 
Development of the cabinet system and the principle of 

ministerial responsibility. 
The reign of George III : attempted royal control of 

Parliament and the Cabinet. 

5. Growing demand for reform. 

John Wilkes. 

Charles James Fox and the program of reform. 
William Pitt, the younger (1759- 1806), and the "New 
Tories." 

6. Reaction against reform : effect of the French Revolution 

upon the upper classes in England. 
Hayes, I, 430-440. 



"ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM" 33 

B. The "enlightened despots." 

1. Contrast between English theories of representative, con- 

stitutional government and the Continental idea of 
monarchy by divine right. 

2. The nature of "enlightened despotism." 

3. Typical enlightened despots. 

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740-1786). 

Frederick's theories of the powers and responsibilities 
of kingship. 

Reforms of Frederick the Great. 

Frederick's interest in philosophy. 
Catherine the Great of Russia (1762-1796). 
Charles III of Spain. 
Joseph I of Portugal. 

Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790), Holy Roman Emperor 
(1765-1790). 

Heritage from Maria Theresa. 

Joseph's faith in rationalism. 

Attempted reforms of Joseph II. 

Failure of Joseph II. 

4. Weaknesses of benevolent despotism. 

Hayes, I, 440-448; Atlas: Robertson, 5. 

C. Unenlightened despotism: the French monarchy. 

1. French people better off than their neighbors, — a cause of 

French criticism of their political institutions. 

2. The French administrative system. 

The king and his powers. 
The Royal Council. 
Local administration. 

3. Confusion and corruption in the government of France. 

In administration. 

In the laws and the administration of justice. 

In the army. 

In finance. 

4. Growing complaints against the French monarchy under 

Louis XV (1715-1774). 
The increasing burden of taxation. 

The King as a personification of the dangers of heredi- 
tary despotism. 

5. Attempted reforms under Louis XVI (1774-1792). 



34 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

The ministry and economic policies of Turgot (1774- 

1776). 
Financial policies of Necker (1776-1781). 
Opposition of the privileged classes to reform. 
6. Failure of absolutism in France. 

Effect upon France of participation in the War of 

American Independence. 
The financial crisis and the Assembly of the Notables 

(1787). 
The death-khell of absolutism : convocation of the Es- 
tates General. 
Hayes, I, 449-461; Atlas: Robertson, 7. 
Map Study Number Seven {Part A). 



PABT II. THE FRENCH EEVOLUTION 

I. Introductory: General Nature and Causes of the Revolution. 

A. The old regime challenged by new conditions. 

1. Progress and the spirit of reform opposed to outworn 

institutions. 

2. Conflicting theories in the Revolution. 

Divine right monarchy versus democracy. 
Class distinctions versus social equality. 

B. Reasons for the outbreak of revolution in France, rather than 

elsewhere. 

C. Differences between the French and English revolutions. 

D. Conflicting class interests in the Revolution. 

Hayes, I, 464-468. 

II. The End of Absolutism in France. 

A. Financial difficulties of Louis XVI ; convocation of the Estates 

General. 

B. The Estates General. 

1. Character of the institution. 

2. Temper of the delegates : the cahiers. 

3. Influence of the Third Estate and its leaders: Mirabeau 

and Sieyes. 

4. The constitutional question of organization. 



THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 35 

C. Transformation of the Estates General into the National Con- 
stituent Assembly. 

1. "Oath of the Tennis Court," June 20, 1789. 

2. Popular demonstrations in support of the Assembly. 

Destruction of the Bastille, July 14, 1789. 

The Paris Commune. 

"March of the Women to Versailles," October 5, 1789. 

Forcible removal of the government to Paris. 

3. Beginnings of the social revolution. 

Hayes, I, 468-479; Atlas: Muir, ise. 

III. The End of the Old Regime: Achievements of the National 
Constituent Assembly, 1789-1791. 

A. Social equalization: "The August Days." 

1. Legal destruction of feudalism and serfdom. 

2. Abolition of privilege. 

3. Causes of legislation of "The .A.ugust Days." 

4. Importance of "the decree abolishing the feudal system." 

B. The Declaration of the Rights of Man. 

C. Reform of local administration : the departments. 

D. Regulation of the national finances. 

1. Tax reform. 

2. The assi gnats. 

E. Ecclesiastical legislation. 

1. Secularization of Church property. 

2. "Civil Constitution of the Clergy." 

3. Resulting Catholic opposition to the Revolution. 

F. The Constitution of I79i- 

1. The separation of powers. 

2. Restriction of the suffrage. 

3. Position of the king in the new government. 

G. Summary of the work of the National Assembly. 

Hayes, I, 479-486. 

IV. The Limited Monarchy in Operation: The Legislative 
Assembly, 1791-1792. 

A. Sources of opposition to the limited monarchy. 
I. The reactionaries. 
The emigres. 



36 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

The court: the flight to Varennes. 
Conservative and Catholic peasants. 

2. The radicals. 

Conflict of interest between bourgeoisie and proletariat: 
middle class and moderate nature of the reforms of 
the National Assembly. 
Center of radicalism in Paris. 
The Clubs. 
Propaganda. 
Radical leaders: Marat, Danton, Robespierre. 

3. Foreign enemies of the Revolution. 

Nature and causes of foreign hostility to the Revolution. 
The Holy Roman Emperor the champion of the old 

regime. 
Declaration of Pillnitz, August, 1791. 
Attitude of the French toward the possibility of foreign 

intervention. 

B. Political parties in the Legislative Assembly. 

1. Members who voted independently. 

2. Feuillants. 

3. Jacobins : Girondists and the Mountain. 

C. Outbreak of foreign war. 

1. Declaration of war against Austria and Prussia, April, 

1792. 

2. Early French reverses. 

3. Position of the royal family. 

Hayes, I, 486-500. 

V. The First French Republic: The National Convention, 

1792-1795. 

A. Foreign invasion of France and the end of the limited monarchy. 

1. Proclamation of the Duke of Brunswick, July, 1792. 

2. The French reply: the insurrection of August 9-10, 1792. 

3. Suspension of the King and tlie call for a National Con- 

vention. 

4. An interval of anarchy. 

5. Tide of foreign invasion stemmed: Valmy. 

6. Proclamation of the Republic, September, 1792. 

B. The National Convention and its achievements. 

I. Personnel of the Convention. 



THE FIRST FRENCH REPUBLIC 37 

The Girondists. 
The Mountainists. 
The Plain. 

2. Trial and execution of Louis XVI, January, 1793. 

3. Prosecution of the foreign war. 

France the champion of revolution abroad as well as at 

home. 
The First Coalition (i793) : France on the defensive. 
Heroic endeavors of the revolutionaries. 
The nation in arms : military and administrative genius 

of Carnot. 
"Deputies on mission" ; the new generals. 
French successes and the break-up of the First Coalition, 

1795- 

4. Suppression of domestic insurrection. 

The Committee of Public Safety and "The Terror," 

1793-1794- 
Thermidorian Reaction, 1794. 

5. Social reforms. 

Radical character of the reforms of the Convention 
compared with moderate and middle-class reforms of 
the Constituent Assembly. 

6. Eventual bourgeois control of the Convention. 

7. Drafting of the constitution. 

C. Constitution of the Year III: establishment of the "Directory." 
Hayes, I, 500-512. 
Map Study Number Seven {Part B). 

VI. Transformation of the Republic into a Military Dictator- 
ship: The Directory, i795-i799- 

A. Weaknesses of the Directory. 

B. The rising fortunes of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

1. His earlier part in the Revolution. 

2. The First Italian Campaign (i796-i797) ; Treaty of 

Campo Formio (1797). 

3. The Egyptian Campaign (1798). 

C. Decline of the Directory. 

1. Financial and social disorders. 

2. The Second Coalition and French reverses in Europe. 

3. Bonaparte, the "Man of the Hour." 



38 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

D. The end of the Directory. 

1. The coup d'etat of the i8 Brumaire (1799). 

2. Promulgation of a new constitution : the Consulate. 

Hayes, I, 5i^-Si7- 

VII. Significance of the French Revolution (1789-1799). 

A. Conflicting interpretations of the revolutionary motto : "Liberty, 

Equality, Fraternity." 

B. Permanent influence of the Revolution on European thought 

and society. 

Hayes, I, 5i7-5i9- 



PART III: THE ERA OF NAPOLEON 

I. The French Republic under the Consulate, 1799-1804. 

A. The character and early career of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

B. The government of the consulate: Constitution of the Year 

VIII. 

1. The Consuls, the Senate, the Tribunate, the Legislative 

Body. 

2. Napoleon as First Consul. 

3. The plebiscite. 

C. Foreign war and the achievement of an advantageous peace. 

1. The second Italian campaign: treaty of Luneville (1801). 

2. Dissolution of the Second Coalition. 

3. Treaty of Amiens, 1802. 

D. Reforms under the Consulate : Napoleon "the son of the Revo- 

lution." 

1. Administrative centralization. 

2. Financial readjustment. 

Taxation and expenditures. 
The Bank of France (1800). 

3. Ecclesiastical settlement : the Concordat of 1801. 

4. Judicial reforms : the Code Napoleon. 

5. The new educational system. 

6. Public works and improvements. 

E. Colonial ventures. 

I. Reacquisition of Louisiana (1800). 



THE ERA OF NAPOLEON 39 

2. French campaign in Haiti. 

3. Sale of Louisiana to the United States (1803), 

F. Transformation of the Consulate into the Empire. 

1. Success of the Consulate and dwindling opposition to 

Napoleon. 

2. The plebiscite of 1802. 

3. The plebiscite of 1804. 

Hayes, I, 523-533- 

II. The French Empire and Its Territorial Expansion. 

A. Lapse of republican institutions. 

1. The court and the nobility. 

2. Monarchical alterations in dependent states. 

3. Censorship of the press and activity of the secret police. 

4. Eventual absolutism of Napoleon. 

B. Renewal of foreign war and the expansion of the Empire. 

1. Formation of the Third Coalition : influence of Great 

Britain. 

2. Trafalgar (1805) : continuation of British sea power. 

3. Defeat of Austria: Ulm and Austerlitz ; Treaty of Press- 

burg (1805). 

4. Jena (1806) : humiliation of Prussia. 

5. Defeat of Russia: Friedland; Treaty of Tilsit (1807). 

6. Humiliation of Sweden (1808-1809). 

7. Napoleon and his dynasty at the height of power. 

C. Napoleon's achievements in the Germanics. 

1. Diminution in the number of states. 

2. Extinction of the Holy Roman Empire (1806). 

3. The Confederation of the Rhine. 

4. Extension to the Germanics of Revolutionary reforms. 

Hayes, I, 534-544, 577; Atlas: Muir, 11; Robertson, 

8, 12, 14, 16, 20. 
Map Study Number Seven (Parts C and D). 

III. Destruction of the French Empire. 

A. Internal weaknesses of the Empire. 

B. The economic war between France and Great Britain : "The 

Continental System." 



40 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

1. The Berlin and Milan Decrees and the British Orders in 

Council. 

2. Infringement on the rights of neutral nations. 

3. Subordination of Napoleon's foreign policies to enforce- 

ment of the Continental System. 

C. Nationalist resistance to the Napoleonic Empire. 

1. Napoleon's interference in Portugal and Spain : the Pen- 

insular War (1808-1813). 

2. Premature efforts of Austria: Wagram (1809) ; terms of 

the peace. 

3. The regeneration of Prussia. 

Intluence of the French Revolution: social and economic 

reforms under Stein and Hardenberg. 
Military reform under Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. 
Educational reforms : von Humboldt. 
The spirit of nationalism : influence of Fichte and Arndt. 

4. Renewal of war between France and Russia. 

Napoleon's Russian campaign and the retreat from 

Moscow. 
Results of the Russian campaign. 

5. Final coalition against Napoleon : The War of Liberation. 

Leipzig, "The Battle of the Nations," October, 1813. 
Collapse of Napoleon's power outside of France. 
Campaign of 1814 in France ; abdication of Napoleon. 

D. The end of the Empire. 

1. Restoration of the Bourbons in France : accession of 

Louis XVIII. 

2. Monarchical restorations elsewhere in Europe. 

3. Napoleon at Elba, 1814-1815. 

4. "The Hundred Days" and the final overthrow of 

Napoleon: Waterloo (1815). 

5. Napoleon at St. Helena, 1815-1821 : beginnings of the 

"Napoleonic Legend." 

Hayes, I, 544-573; Bassett, 306-317; Atlas: Muir, 
II, ig, 2ob. 

IV. Significance of the Era of Napoleon. 

A. The Revolution perpetuated by the Empire. 

1. "Liberty" under Napoleon. 

2. "Equality" under Napoleon : permanent social achieve- 

ments of the Empire. 



THE ERA OF METTERNICH 41 

3. "Fraternity" under Napoleon : impetus to nationalism and 
militarism in Europe. 

B. Political readjustments in Europe. 

C. Remarkable effects on Great Britain. 

Hayes, I, 573-577- 



PART IV: THE ERA OF METTERNICH 

I. Continuation of the Conflict between Revolution and 
Reaction. 

A. General nature of the conflict : revolutionary doctrines versus 

reactionary doctrines in the determination of social and politi- 
cal policies. 

B. Alignment of social classes in the conflict. 

1. The reactionaries and conservatives. 

2. The revolutionaries and liberals. 

C. Effect of the religious revival and the desire for peace. 

D. The dominating personality of the era: Prince Metternich. 

Hayes, II, 1-5. 

II. The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815. 

A. Royalty and aristocracy in control of the Congress. 

B. Fundamental principles and their application in the settlement. 

1. "Legitimacy" and its applications. 

2. "Compensations" to the victors. 

C Reconstruction of the Germ.anies : the Germanic Confederation. 

D. Instances of wilful disregard for the principle of nationality. 

E. Critical estimate of the work of the Congress. 

Hayes, II, 5-10; Atlas: Muir, 12, i8b, 23d, 24b. 
Map Study Number Eight. 

III. Alliances for the Preservation of Peace and Order, 

A. General European acceptance of IMetternich's policies. 

1. The maintenance of the status quo. 

2. The suppression of liberalism and revolution. 



42 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B. The Quadruple Alliance. 

C. The Holy Alliance. 

D. The Concert of the Great Powers. 

1. The protocol of Troppau (1820). 

2. International conferences, 1815-1822. 

3. The policy of intervention and its applications. 

Hayes, II, 10-14. 

IV. Restorations and Reaction. 

A. The Bourbon restoration in France. 

1. Louis XVIII and compromise with revolutionary ideas: 

the royal charter of 1814. 

2. Ultra-royalist reaction : the "White Terror." 

3. Control of the Moderate Royalists, 1816-1820. 

4. Return to power of the Ultra-Royalists, 1820. 

5. Continuance of royalist reaction under Charles X (1824- 

1830). 
Hayes, II, 14-20; Atlas: Robertson, 9. 

B. The Bourbon restoration in Spain. 

1. The constitution of 1812. 

2. Ferdinand VII (1814-1833) and reaction. 

3. Revolt and temporary reversion to constitutionalism. 

Liberal opposition to the King : insurrection of 1820. 
Congress of Verona (1822) and European intervention. 
Restoration of absolutism. 

4. Revolution in the Spanish colonies. 

British policy : Canning and non-intervention. 
American policy : the Monroe Doctrine. 
Break-up of the Quadruple Alliance. 
Hayes, II, 20-26, 47. 

C. Reaction in Portugal. 

1. Anti-British revolution of 1820 and return of the royal 

family. 

2. Defection and independence of Brazil (1822). 

3. Factional strife and the triumph of absolutism. 

Hayes, II, 26-28. 

D. Tory reaction in Great Britain. 

I. Tory control of the British government. 

Contrast between liberal policy abroad and conservatism 
at home; explanation of this seeming inconsistency. 



RESTORATIONS AND REACTION 43 

Effect of the French Revolution : repression of liberalism 

and shelving of reform. 
The Napoleonic Wars and Tory prestige. 
Tory leaders: George IV (1820-1830); Castlereagh; 

Wellington. 

2. Class legislation under the Tories : inclosures ; Corn Laws. 

3. Sources of opposition to the Tory reaction. 

"Intellectual Radicals." 

Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters. 

The industrial classes. 

4. Economic distress and popular discontent. 

5. The "Manchester Massacre" and the Six Acts (1819). 

6. Undermining of reaction : policies of Canning, Huskisson, 

Peel. 
Hayes, II, 28-37. 

E. Trial and abandonment of liberal administration in Russia. 

1. Liberal experiments of Alexander I (1801-1825). 

2. Metternich and the conversion of Alexander to reaction. 

3. The Decembrist revolt and the accession of Nicholas I 

(1825). 

4. Continued reaction under Nicholas I (1825-1855). 

Hayes, II, 37-41 

F. Maintenance of autocracy in Central Europe. 

1. Metternich and reaction in the Austrian dominions. 

2. Metternich and reaction in the Germanic Confederation. 

Opposition to constitutionalism. 

Persistence of liberal agitation : Tugcndbund and Bursch- 

e use haft. 
Repressive measures: the Carlsbad Decrees, 1819. 

3. Metternich and reaction in the Italian states. 

Liberalism in the Italian states : the Carbonari. 
Suppression of the uprising in Naples, 1820. 
Unsuccessful uprising in Piedmont, 1821. 
Hayes, II, 41-46; Atlas: Muir, i8b, 23d. 

V. Failure of Metternich's Policies and Partial Triumph of 
Liberalism. 

A. Foreign policy of Great Britain and the disintegration of the 

Quadruple Alliance. 

B. The Greek insurrection (1821-1832). 



44 AN OUTLINE OF MOHERN HISTORY 

1. Premature uprising of 1821 : leadership of Ypsilanti. 

2. The War of Greek Independence (1821-1829). 

European sympathy for the Greeks. 

Foreign intervention and the Battle of Navarino (1827). 

Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829). 

Foundation of the Greek Kingdom. 

C. Revolutionary movements of 1830. 

1. The July Revolution in France. 

Middle class opposition to the government of Charles X. 
The July ordinances and the outbreak of revolt. 
Overthrow of Charles X and accession of Louis Philippe, 

"King of the French." 
Effects of the July Revolution in Europe. 

2. The Belgian Revolution. 

3. Unsuccessful revolts in the Germanics and in the Italian 

states. 

4. Suppression of the Polish revolt of 183 1. 

D. The end of the era of Metternich. 

Hayes, II, 46-57, 130-131; Atlas: Robertson, 10, 
13, 17- 



Book IV 

DEMOCRACY AND NATIONALISM 

PART I. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 

I. Introduction. 

A. Far-reaching results of the Industrial Revolution as compared 

with the French Revolution. 

B. Basic elements of the Industrial Revolution. 

1. The invention and application of machinery to the proc- 

esses of mining, manufacturing, agriculture, and 
transportation. 

2. Utilization of artificial power, — water, steam, electrical, 

etc. 

3. Fundamental changes in the organization of industry. 

Sub-division of labor, standardization, and large scale 

production. 
The factory system and the extension of capitalistic 

organization. 

C. Circumstances favoring the Industrial Revolution in England, 

1770-1825. 

Hayes, II, 67-69. 

II. The Mechanical Inventions. 

A. The inventions in the textile industries. 

1. Kay's fly shuttle (1738). 

2. Hargreaves and the spinning jenny (1770), 

3. Arkwright and the water frame (1769). 

4. Crompton's mule (1779). 

5. Cartwright's power loom (1785). 

6. Whitney's cotton gin (1792). 

45 



46 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B, Development of the steam engine and applications of steam 

power. 

1. Pioneers in development of the steam engine. 

2. James Watt (1736-1819). 

Improvements in Watt's engine. 
Construction of steam engines for the market. 

3. General adaptation of the steam engine. 

C. Continuity of the Industrial Revolution. 

Hayes, II, 69-75 ; Gibbins, Industry in England, 
341-357. 

III. Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution. 

A. General economic eflfect : tremendous expansion of economic 

activity. 

1. Development of industry. 

2. Increase in commerce. 

3. Phenomenal increase in wealth. 

4. Accumulation of "surplus wealth," — capital. 

B. General social effect : growth and redistribution of population. 

C. The factory system and capitalism. 

1. Effect of the mechanical inventions on the disintegration 

of the "domestic system" of manufacture. 

2. Realignment of social classes. 

Economic importance and social position of industrial 

capitalists. 
Altered position of the urban workers : the proletariat. 

3. Acute social problems resulting from the factory system. 

D. Political and social reactions to the new conditions. 

1. Attitude of the government. 

Vain attempts to enforce outworn mercantilist regula- 
tions. 
Era of non-interference : laissez-faire. 

2. Attitude of social philosophers : the "new economics." 

Tenets of "economic individualism." 
Program of "economic individualism." 

Freedom from governmental restrictions. 

Freedom of competition. 

Freedom of contract. 
Results of "economic individualism." 

The emancipation of industry. 



THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 47 

"Liberty": results to capitalists and to wage-earners. 
Unrelieved misery of the workers. 
3. Opposition to "economic individualism." 

Utopian socialists: Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier. 
Government ownership socialists : Louis Blanc. 
Christian socialists : Maurice, Kingsley. 

Hayes, II, 75-88; Gibbins, Industry in England, 

381-426. 
Map Study Number Nine and Supplements {ad lib.). 

IV. Immediate Effects of the Industrial Revolution upon 

Politics. 

A. The new role of the bourgeoisie. 

1. Increased wealth and prestige of the middle class. 

The older bourgeoisie. 

The new industrial capitalists. 

2. Political ambitions of the bourgeoisie. 

3. Economic motives for these political ambitions. 

4. Rising political influence of the bourgeoisie. 

B. Middle class political achievements in England. 

1. The Reform Bill of 1832. 

2. The Municipal Corporations Act, 1835. 

3. Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846. 

Middle class opposition to the Corn Laws. 
The Anti-Corn Law League. 

Breach in the Conservative Party and repeal of the Corn 
Laws. 

C. The middle class monarchy of Louis Philippe in France. 

1. Role of the bourgeoisie in the Revolution of 1830. 

2. Dependence of the monarchy upon middle-class support. 

3. Middle class political achievements under Louis Philippe 

(1830- 1848). 

D. Middle class achievements in the Germanics. 

1. Backwardness of the industrial revolution in the Ger- 

manics. 

2. Achievement of economic union: the Zollverein (1833). 

E. Political and social readjustments in the United States. 

1. The American industrial revolution. 

2. Railway construction and the opening of the West. 

3. Class and sectional divisions on the protective tariflf. 



48 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

4. Beginnings of the American labor movement. 

Hayes, II, 88-97; Bassett, 341-350, 463-465, 680- 
683, 741-744; Atlas: Muir, 43, 44, 57. 



PART II. DEMOCRATIC REFORM AND REVOLUTION, 1830-1848 

I. Democracy and the Industrial Revolution. 

A. Democracy and the growth of the democratic spirit. 

1. Debt to Christianity. 

2. Debt to the French Revolution. 

3. Debt to the Industrial Revolution. 

B. New conditions make democracy a practical program. 

Hayes, II, 100-102. 

II. Political and Social Reforms in Great Britain. 

A. Removal of religious disabilities. 

1. Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts (1828). 

2. Daniel O'Connell and Catholic Emancipation (1829). 

B. Parliamentary reform. 

1. The champions of reform. 

2. Coercion of the Lords and the passage of the Reform Bill 

of 1832. 

3. Provisions of the Reform Bill of 1832. 

4. New political parties in the reformed parliament. 

5. Popular dissatisfaction with the Reform of 1832: the 

Chartist movement. 
The "Six Points" of Chartism. 
Chartist demonstration of April, 1848. 
Failure of Chartism. 
Persistence of Chartist principles. 

C. Social legislation. 

1. Tory reforms, 1820-1829. 

Influence of Peel, Huskisson, and Canning. 
Revision of the criminal law; legalization of trade unions 
(1824) ; removal of religious disabilities. 

2. Provisions and underlying principles of the Poor Law of 

1834. 

3. Public grants for education. 



REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS OF 1848 49 

4. Prison reform. 

5. Abolition of slavery in the colonies. 

6. Industrial legislation. 

Influence of Lord Ashley. 
The Factory Act of 1833. 
The Mines Act of 1842. 

Hayes, II, 101-116; Cross, 633-643. 

III. The Democratic Revolution of 1848 in France. 

A. Growing opposition to the monarchy of Louis Philippe. 

1. Sources of opposition to the July monarchy. 

Legitimists, Republicans, Catholics, Socialists. 
Division of the middle class : Thiers versus Guizot. 

Questions of foreign policy. 

Question of reform of the franchise. 

2. Increasing demand for electoral reform: the "banquets." 

B. The February Revolution (1848). 

C. The Second French Republic (1848-1852). 

1. First phase: problems of the working class. 

The "national workshops." 

2. Second phase : the republic of the middle classes. 

Election of the Constituent Assembly. 
Abolition of the national workshops. 
The "June Days." 

Work of the Constituent Assembly: the Constitution of 
the Republic. 
Hayes, II, 1 16-123. 

IV. The Revolutionary Movements of 1848 in Central Europe. 

A. Interacting forces of nationalism and liberalism. 

B. First phase of the revolutionary movements: the liberal and 

nationalist revolutions. 

1. Contagion of the February revolution in Paris: the down- 

fall of Metternich. 

2. Spread of the revolutionary movement, 1848. 

March revolutions in Italy. 
March revolutions in the Germanies. 
Meeting of the V orparlament at Frankfort. 
Revolution in Austria, March-May, 1848. 



50 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

March revolution in Hungary. 
3, Nationalism a disrupting force in the revolutionary move- 
ments. 
Nationalism in the Austrian Reichstag. 
The Pan-Slav Congress. 

Serbo-Croats versus Hungarians : Jellachich. 
Nationalist rivalries in the Frankfort Assembly. 

C. Second phase of the revolutionary movements : the republican 

revolts, October, 1848, to June, 1849. 

1. Failure of the proletarian insurrection in Vienna, October, 

1848. 

2. Proclamation of the Hungarian Republic, April, 1849. 

3. Republican outbreaks in Italy and the Germanics. 

D. The triumph of reaction. 

1. Failure of the republican revolts. 

Restoration in Italy. 

End of the Hungarian Republic, July, 1849. 
Renunciation of constitutionalism and reform in Austria. 
Suppression of republicanism in the Germanics. 

2. Failure of the Frankfort Assembly to achieve German 

unification. 

3. Restoration of the Germanic Confederation (1851). 

4. Conservative character of the Prussian constitution of 

1850. 

E. Significance of the revolutionary movements of 1848-1849. 

Hayes, II, 123-144; Atlas: Muir, 12, i8b, 23d, 
25a; Robertson, 13, 17, 18, 21. 



PART III. THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM, 1848-1871 

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and the Erection of the Second 
French Empire. 

Early career of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. 

1. His relationship to the great Napoleon. 

2. His education and formulation of his political ideas. 

3. Premature attempts to seize the French government. 

4. The Revolution of 1848 as his great opportunity. 

Prince Louis Napoleon as President of the Second French 
Republic (1848- 1852). 



UNIFICATION OF ITALY 51 

1. Louis Napoleon, politician. 

2. Conflict between President and Assembly. 

3. The coup d'etat of December, 1851. 

C. Erection of the Second French Empire. 

1. The constitution of January, 1852. 

2. Proclamation of the Empire, December 2, 1852: Napo- 

leon III. 

3. Conciliation of class interests. 

4. New French imperialism. 

5. Underlying strength of the Empire: economic prosperity; 

nationalism. 

6. Fundamental weakness of the Empire : militarism. 

The Crimean War (1854-1856) : the cost to France. 
Hayes, II, 149-163 ; Atlas : Robertson, 9. 

II. The Political Unification of Italy. 

A. Nationalism in the Italian states. 

1. Programs for the unification of Italy. 

Mazzini and the Republicans. 

The Clericals and Conservatives, advocates of federalism. 
The Liberal Monarchists, favoring a monarchy under 
King of Sardinia. 

2. Weakness of the Republicans and the Clericals. 

3. Strength of the Liberal Monarchists. 

Prestige of Sardinia. 

Liberalism of Sardinia : constitution of 1848. 

Sardinian patriots : Victor Emmanuel, Garibaldi, Cavour. 

B. Cavour's policies the foundation of Italian unity. 

1. Liberal reform in Sardinia, 1850- 1859. 

2. Foreign policy as an aid to Italian unification. 

Sardinian participation in the Crimean War. 
Interview with Napoleon III at Plombieres : the alliance 
with France. 

C. French intervention in Italy: the war of 1859. 

1. Successes of the French and Sardinians: Magenta and 

Solferino. 

2. Outbreak of popular revolutions in northern Italy; Louis 

Napoleon's change of heart. 

3. The armistice of Villafranca (1859). 

4. The plebiscites in Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna. 



52 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

5. The Treaty of Turin (i860). 
Gains of Sardinia. 

Cession to France of Nice and Savoy. 
D. The completion of Italian unification. 

1. Garibaldi and the annexation of the Two Sicilies (i860). 

2. Annexation of Umbria and the Alarches (i860). 

3. Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (1861). 

4. Acquisition of Venetia (1866). 

The alliance with Prussia. 
The Seven Weeks' War. 
The plebiscite. 

5. Occupation of Rome (1870). 

6. Rome the capital of Italy (1871). 

-Hayes, II, 163-175; Atlas: Muir, i8b; Robertson, 

17. 
Map Study Number Ten. 

III. The Decline of the Second French Empire. 

A. Beginnings of opposition to Louis Napoleon in France. 

1. French intervention in Italy and its reaction on domestic 

politics. 

2. Concessions to liberalism, i860. 

3. The Polish Insurrection of 1863 : French reception of 

Napoleon's policy of non-intervention. 

B. The Mexican expedition (1862- 1867). 

1. Glory abroad designed to still dissatisfaction at home. 

2. Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1864-1867. 

3. Collapse of the Mexican adventure. 

4. The Mexican affair a boomerang against Napoleon. 

C. Growing opposition to Louis Napoleon. 

1. Sources of opposition. 

2. Further concessions to liberalism, 1869. 

D. Final attempt to preserve the Empire : the war with Germany 

(1870). 

Hayes, II, 175-180. 

IV. The Political Unification of Germany. 

A. The problem of German unification. 

I. Obstacles in the way of German unification. 
The Germanic Confederation. 



UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 53 

Austrian participation in German affairs. 

Particularism of the princes. 

Failure of liberalism as a unifying force. 

2. Prussia as a leader. 

Prestige of Prussia. 

Leadership in Prussia: William I (1861-1886) ; Otto von 
Bismarck (1815-1898). 

3, Prussian preparation for leadership in German affairs. 

The constitutional conflict in Prussia, 1861-1863. 

The proposed army reforms of Moltke and Roon. 

Parliamentary opposition : the Progressive Party. 

Bismarck as "tamer" of the Prussian parliament. 
Achievement of thorough-going military reform. 

B. The extrusion of Austria and the dissolution of the Germanic 

Confederation. 

1. The Schleswig-Holstein question and the war of 1864 

with Denmark. 

2. The dispute between Austria and Prussia over disposition 

of the duchies. 
The Convention of Gastein (1865). 
Diplomatic isolation of Austria by Bismarck. 

3. The Seven Weeks' War (1866). 

Defeat of Austria : Sadowa. 

The Treaty of Prague and the dissolution of the Con- 
federation. 

4. Effects of the Seven Weeks' War upon Austria. 

Final destruction of the system of Metternich. 

Exclusion of Austria from participation in German and 
Italian affairs. 

Concessions to liberalism in Austria: the constitution of 
1861 superseded by the Ausgleich (1867), establish- 
ing the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 

Austrian imperialist interests diverted to the Balkans. 

C. Formation of the North German Confederation (1867), fore- 

runner of the German Empire. 

1. Prussian annexations, 1866, and their significance. 

2. Constitution of the North German Confederation. 

3. Independent position of the south German states. 

4. Bismarck's concessions to liberalism. 

The National Liberal Party in Germany and its rela- 
tions with Bismarck, 



54 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

D. The Franco-German War and the final achievement of German 
unification. 

1. Demands of Louis Napoleon III for "compensations" and 

the diplomatic isolation of France by Bismarck. 

2. The underlying cause for war : French nationalism versus 

German nationalism. 

3. The pretext for war : the Hohenzollern candidature for 

the Spanish throne. 

4. The Franco-German War (1870-1871). 

Metz and Sedan. 

Downfall of Napoleon III and proclamation of the Third 

French Republic. 
Surrender of Paris, January, 1871. 
Treaty of Frankfort, 1871. 

5. Proclamation of the German Empire, at Versailles, Janu- 

ary, 187 1. 

6. Effects of the Franco-German War upon Europe. 

The Treaty of Frankfort a prelude to the Great War 
of 1914. 

End of the temporal rule of the Pope with the occupa- 
tion of Rome by Victor Emmanuel. 

Denunciation by Russia of the neutralization of the 
Black Sea. 
Hayes, II, 180-204; Atlas: Muir, 23d, 24b, 52b; 

Robertson, 13, 14. 
Map Study Number Elez'en. 

V. National Unification in the United States. 

A. Growth of sectionalism. 

1. Economic and social divergence of North and South. 

2. Differences of opinion as to the constitutional powers of 

Congress. 

B. Sources of sectional friction. 

1. The tariff controversy. 

2. The slavery controversy. 

C. The Civil War (1861-1865). 

1. The election of i860 and the secession of the Southern 

states. 

2. The Confederacy: constitution and territorial extent. 



CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEMS 55 

3. Broadening of the issues of the war : the Emancipation 

Proclamation. 

4. MiHtary superiority of the North and the triumph of the 

unionists. 

D. Political and economic reconstruction of the South. 

Bassett, 350-352, 384-388, 511-518, 577-S8i, 619-638. 

VI. Summary of the Growth of Nationalism, 1848-1871. 

A. Astounding achievements of nationalism in central Europe. 

B. Growth of democracy concomitant with the growth of national- 

ism. 

C. Continued growth of nationalism after 1871. 

Hayes, II, 204-206. 



PART IV. SOCIAL FACTORS IN RECENT EUROPEAN HISTORY 

I. "The Era of the Benevolent Bourgeoisie." 

A. Chief characteristics of the era, 1871-1914. 

.1. Beginning of new governments in many European coun- 
tries. 
The German Empire. 
The Third French Republic. 
The Dual IMonarchy of Austria-Hungary. 
The British government after the Reform Bill of 1867. 
Other governments. 

2. Definitive triumph of the principles of the French 

Revolution. 
Nationalism. 
Constitutionalism. 
Middle class "liberty" and "equality." 

3. Preeminence of the middle class. 

B. Bourgeois character of the era. 

1. Influence on social and economic institutions of the Indus- 

trial Revolution. 

2. Altered relations of other classes to the bourgeoisie. 

3. Bourgeois devotion to the principles of the French Revo- 

lution. 



56 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

C. General statement of the practical achievements of the era, 

1871-1914. 

D. Dissenters from the spirit of the era : Clericals and Socialists. 

Hayes, II, 211-223. 

II. Christianity and Politics. 

A. General character of the religious controversies of the era 

1871-1914. 

1. Divisions of religious opinion. 

Extremists : Clericals and anti-clericals. 
Position of the great mass of the people. 

2. Reasons for acute character of the conflict in Roman 

Catholic countries. 
Catholic dogma compared with Protestant. 
Catholic organization compared with Protestant. 

B. Political opposition to the Catholic Church. 

1. Catholic attitude toward the principles of the French 

Revolution. 

2. Reactionary character of the pontificate of Pius IX. 

Papal attack on the established social order. 
The encyclical Quanta Ciira and the Syllabus of Errors 
(1864). 

3. The Vatican Council (1869-1870) and the dogma of papal 

infallibility. 

4. Rapid growth of anti-clericalism. 

C. Intellectual opposition to the Catholic Church. (See below, 

Christianity and Science.) 
Hayes, II, 223-230. 

III. The New Science. 

A. General characteristics of science in the nineteenth century. 

1. Far-reaching development of experimental science. 

2. Extensive utility of applied science. 

3. Development of the theory of evolution and philosophical 

science. 

B. Science and scientists of the nineteenth century. 

1. The Cosmos of Alexander von Humboldt. 

2. The new geology: work of Sir Charles Lyell. 



CHRISTIANITY AND THE NEW SCIENCE 57 

Principles of Geology (1830-1833) : the uniformitarian 

theory. 
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (1863). 
3. The theory of evokition. 

Influence of MaUhus and Lyell. 

Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species (1859) and 

subsequent work. 
Alfred Wallace and his role in the formulation of the 

Darwinian theory. 

C. Popularization and application of the new science. 

1. The Synthetic Philosophy of Herbert Spencer. 

2. Thomas Huxley's attacks on revealed religion. 

3. Ernest Renan and "higher criticism." 

Hayes, II, 230-240. 

IV, Christianity and Science. 

A. Protestantism and the new science. 

1. The new science an attack on the fundamentals of Protes- 

tant theology. 

2. Effect of science upon the Protestant churches and 

theology. 
Protestant compromise between science and religion. 
Exceptions to the Protestant compromise. 

3. Divisions in the Anglican church as typical of the reac- 

tion of Protestantism to science. 
The Oxford Movement and the "high church" party. 
The "low church" party. 
The "broad church" party. 

B. The Catholic Church and the new science. 

1. Seemingly irreconcilable conflict between Catholic Chris- 

tianity and the new science. 

2. The pontificate of Leo XIII and a "working compromise" 

with science. 
Revived study of mediaeval theology and the formulation 

of a Catholic view of Darwinism. 
Encouragement of research in church history. 
Papal patronage of natural science. 
The work of Louis Pasteur and Gregor Mendel. 

3. Leo XIII and the new social order. 

Political principles of Leo XIII. 



58 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Social program of Leo XIII : the encyclical Rcrum 
Novarum (1891). 
4. "Modernist" tendencies in the Catholic Church. 

C. Relative position of Clericals and Anti-Clericals in the twentieth 
century. 

Hayes, II, 240-252. 

V. The Social Problem and the Decline of Laisser-faire. 

A. Bourgeois liberalism and the decline of laisscr-fairc. 

1. Middle class acceptance of limited governmental regula- 

tion of industry. 

2. The tendency toward "social legislation." 

B. Karl Marx and the rise of modern Socialism. 

1. Early socialism. 

Babeuf. 

Utopian socialism: Fourier, Saint-Simon, Owen. 

Government ownership socialism : Louis Blanc. 

2. Karl Marx and the development of "scientific" socialism. 

Early life and training of Karl Marx. 

Association with Friederich Engels : the Communist 
Manifesto (1848). 

Karl Marx in England and the elaboration of his social- 
ist theories : Das Kapital. 

Significance of Karl IMarx and his work. 

3. The tenets of Marxian socialism. 

4. The practical program of Alarxian socialism. 

5. Organization of the new Socialism. 

"The International." 
National Socialist parties. 

Ferdinand Lassallc and the Social Democratic Party 
in Germany. 

Other national parties. 

6. Sources of opposition to Socialism. 

7. Division among the Socialists on questions of political 

tactics. 

C. Anarchism and Syndicalism. 

1. The forerunner of modern Anarchism : William Godwin. 

2. Philosophical Anarchism : the work of Pierre Joseph 

Proudhon. 
Life of Proudhon. 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND TO 1914 59 

Nature and tenets of Proudhonian Anarchism. 
The weakness of philosophical Anarchism : extreme indi- 
vidualism. 
Revolutionary Anarchism : the work of Mikhail Bakunin. 
The Russian revolutionary, Bakunin. 
The terror as a weapon against capitalistic society. 
Break between Anarchism and Socialism. 
Syndicalism, a modern form of revolutionary Anarchism. 
Hayes, II, 252-271. 



PART V. THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND 
IRELAND, 1867-1914 



I. The Breakdown of the Victorian Compromise. 

A. The nature of the Victorian Compromise, 1832-1867. 

1. Concessions of the aristocracy to middle class liberals. 

2. Concessions of middle class liberals to the aristocracy. 

3. Common program of conservatives and liberals : opposition 

to further extension of political democracy; contin- 
ued disfranchisement of the workers. 

B. Reasons for the breakdown of the Victorian Compromise. 

1. The legacy of Chartism : growing strength of the demo- 

cratic spirit and the demand for political and social 
reform. 

2. Trade unionism and labor agitation. 

3. Rivalry of political parties for popular support. 

Hayes, II, 277-27S. 

II. Political Reform in the United Kingdom. 

A. The political situation leading to the Reform of 1867 : parties 
and party leaders. 

1. William Ewart Gladstone and the political principles of 

the Liberal Party. 

2. Benjamin Disraeli and the adoption of a constructive 

program by the Conservatives. 

3. John Bright and reform agitation among the industrial 

classes. 
Political principles of Bright. 
Influence of the American Civil War on reform agitation. 



6o AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Alliance between Bright and Gladstone. 
4. Failure of the Liberal Reform Bill of 1866. 

B. The Reform of 1867. 

1. Disraeli and the Conservative Reform Bill : reasons for 

the "leap in the dark." 

2. Provisions of the Act of 1867. 

Redistribution of representation. 
Readjustment of qualifications for the suffrage. 

3. Extent to which the Act was a democratic measure. 

C. Extension of reform under Gladstone and the Liberals. 

1. Representation of the People Act, 1884. 

2. Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885. 

3. Partial achievement of the "Six Points of the Chartists." 

D. Curbing of the power of the aristocracy. 

1. Undemocratic character of the House of Lords. 

2. The Parliament Act of 191 1 as a step toward political 

democracy. 

Hayes, II, 278-290; Cross, 752-760. 

III. The Government of the United Kingdom. 

• 

A. The British government as the product of a series of historical 

compromises. 

1. Evolutionary character of the British Constitution. 

2. Survivals of undemocratic authority. 

The Crown, a relic of absolutism. 

The House of Lords, a relic of feudalism. 

Nominal and actual powers of Crown and Lords. 

3. Popular representation. 

Evolution of the House of Commons in the direction of 

democracy. 
Increasing power of the Commons. 

4. Beginnings of the cabinet system. 

B. The parliamentary system of government. 

1. Relations between crown, cabinet, and parliament : the 

principle of "ministerial responsibility." 

2. Efficiency of the cabinet system. 

C. Centralized regulation of local government. 

Hayes, II, 290-297. 



CONTEMPORARY BRITISH POLITICS 6i 

IV. British Political Parties. 

A. Political reform and the transformation of political parties. 

1. Effect of the Reform Bill of 1832 on Whigs and Tories. 

2. Effect of the Victorian Compromise on party issues. 

3. Effect on Liberals and Conservatives of the breakdown 

of the Compromise. 

B. The Unionist Party. 

1. Coalition of Liberal Unionists and Conservatives (1895). 

2. Membership and principles of the Unionists : leadership 

of Joseph Chamberlain. 

3. Revival of the tariff controversy : the demand for 

"imperial preference." 

C. The Labor Party. 

I. Reasons for the formation of the Labor Party. 
-2. Organizations supporting the Labor Representation Com- 
mittee, 1900. 
3. Growth of the Labor Party. 

D. The Liberal Party. 

1. Circumstances favoring the regeneration of the Liberal 

Party after the death of Gladstone. 
Agrarian discontent : influence of Henry George. 
Revival of the tariff controversy. 
The Boer War. 

2. Ideals of the new Liberalism. 

3. The coalition with the Labor and Irish Nationalist Parties. 

4. Achievements of the new Liberalism, 1906-1914. 

E. The Irish Nationalist Party. 

Hayes, II, 297-307. 

V. British Social Legislation. 

A. Measures designed to maintain the standard of living. 

1. Factory and mines acts. 

2. Minimum wage for workers in sweated industries : the 

Trade Boards Act, 1909. 

3. Minimum wage for miners : the Minimum Wage Act of 

1912. 
Theory of the act: justice or a minimum of decency? 
Altruism and efficiency as motives. 



62 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

4. Adoption of the principle of workmen's compensation, 

1897-1906. 

5. Measures for the welfare of children. 

6. Old age pensions instituted, 1908. 

7. Attack on unemployment. 

The Labor Exchange Act, 1909. 
The National Insurance Act, 191 1. 

8. General Welfare provisions of the National Insurance 

Act. 

B. Measures designed to develop and maintain the independence 

of the worker. 

1. Promotion of education. 

2. Encouragement of trade unionism and legalization of 

wider trade union activities. 

C. Measures designed to reduce inetiualitics in the distribution of 

wealth. 

1. The Lloyd George budgets: extent of taxation on incomes, 

inheritances, unearned increment, luxuries. 

2. Land reform. 

Housing and Town Planning Act (1909)- 
Small Holdings and Allotments Act (1907)- 
Taxation of landlords. 

3. Unrealized Liberal program of land reform, 1913-1914. 

Hayes, II, 307-319. 

VI. The Irish Question. 

A. Dissatisfaction in Ireland with I'.rilisli rule. 

1. Ecclesiastical grievances of the Irish Catholics. 

2. Agrarian discontent : absentee landlordism. 

3. Irish nationalism. 

B. The British government and reform in Ireland. 

1. Ecclesiastical. 

Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland (1869). 

2. Agrarian. 

The Tenant-Right League and the "Three F's." 

Land Act of 1870. 

Second Irish Land Act (1881). 

Land Purchase Act of 1891. 

Local Government Act (1898). 



THE THIRD FRENCH REPUBLIC 63 

Political : movement for home rule for Ireland. 
Gladstone's Home Rule Bills of 1886 and 1893. 
The Home Rule Bill of 1912. 

Role of the Irish Nationalist Party and John Redmond. 
Attitude of Ulsterites and Unionists : Sir Edward 
Carson. 
Passage of the Home Rule Act, 1914. 
Outbreak of the Great War and the suspension of Irish 
home rule. 
Hayes, II, 319-326; Atlas: Muir, 42. 



PART VI. LATIN EUROPE, 1870-1914 

I. The Third French Republic. 

A. The making of the Republic. 

1. Revolutionary proclamation of September 4, 1870; the 

Provisional Government. 

2. Government of the National Assembly, 1871.-1875. 

Parties in the Assembly : position of the Monarchists. 
Peace with Germany : the Treaty of Frankfort and its 

provisions. 
Rebellion of the Commune of Paris : its causes and 

significance. 
The Rivet Law (1871): the Assembly and Thiers. 
Financial and military reforms. 

Administrative reform : organization of local govern- 
ment. 
Question of the form of government. 
Divisions among the Monarchists : Imperialists, Legiti- 
mists, Orleanists. 
The Chambord Incident (1873). 

Acceptance of the Republic : the Constitutional Laws 
of 1875. 

3. The conflict for control of the Republic and the triumph 

of Republicanism. 
Factions in the government of the Republic. 
Marshal MacMahon and the Monarchists. 
Gambctta and the Republicans. 
Gambetta and the political principles of "Moderate" 
Republicanism. 



64 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Republican control of the Senate (1879). 
Final triumph of Republicanism : the presidency of Jules 
Grevy. 

B. The government of the Republic. 

1. Delegation of powers under the constitution. 

The French parliament : the Champer of Deputies and 

the Senate. 
The President : nominal powers. 
The Ministry and the supremacy of the parliament. 

2. Comparison between the French constitution and the 

American and British constitutions. 

3. The local government of France. 

C. Bourgeois character of the Republic. 

1. Middle-class interests of French statesmanship. 

2. Promotion of economic prosperity. 

3. French imperialism under the Republic. 

Colonial expansion and development. 
Motives : economic, religious, nationalist. 

4. Social legislation. 

Motives. 

Important measures. 

5. Guarantees of individual liberties. 

D. Repression of Clerical and military opposition to the Republic. 

1. Education policy of the Republic : the Ferry Laws. 

2. The Boulanger episode and its reaction on militarism, 

Monarchism, and Clericalism. 

3. The Dreyfus Affair. 

Anti-Semitism and the case of Captain Dreyfus. 
Vindication of Dreyfus and its effect upon militarism 
and Clericalism. 

4. The Associations Act (1901). 

5. Separation of Church and State (1905). 

6. The Compromise of 1907. 

E. The political groups in France. 

1. The "group system" in France and the question of 

"instability" of ministries. 

2. Political parties and alignments, 1900-1910. 

The "Right" : Monarchists ; the Action Liberale. 
The "Left" : the Unified Socialists. 
The "Center" : the Bloc. 



THE KINGDOM OF ITALY 65 

Progressists. 
; Radicals. 

Radical Socialists. 
Anti-Clericalism as a political issue. 

3. Political issues in 1913. 

4. The elections of 1914 and a realignment of political 

groups. 
The Uniiicd Radicals. 
The Federation of the Left. 

Hayes, II, 32,'^-2)^7; Atlas: Robertson, 6, 9. 

II. The Kingdom of Italy. 

A. Problems of social and economic unification. 

1. Contrasts between the North and the South. 

2. Industrial backwardness and the economic policy of the 

government. 

3. The burden of taxation. 

4. Illiteracy: the education law of 1877. 

5. Emigration. 

B. The government of the Kingdom. 

1. Italy a centralized state. 

2. Constitutional and parliamentary government. 

3. The electoral laws of 1882 and 1912. 

C. Problems of the relation of Church and State. 

1. Special and peculiar nature of the ecclesiastical problem 

in Italy. 

2. The Law of Papal Guarantees (1871) and the non cxpcdit. 

3. Recent relations between Church and State. 

D. Political parties and the government of Italy, 1870-1914. 

1. The Regime of the Right, 1870-1876. 

2. The Regime of the Left, 1876-1896. 

3. Liberalism in Italy, 1896-1914. 

4. Parties of opposition : Clericals, Republicans, Socialists, 

Syndicalists. 

E. Foreign policy : nationalism and irredentism. 

Hayes, II, 367-378; Atlas: Robertson, 6, 17. 

III. Spain. 

A. Events leading to the establishment of constitutional govern- 
ment in Spain. 



66 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

1. The Carlist War and the reign of Isabella II. 

2. The Revolution of 1868 and the period of anarchy, 1868- 

1875. 

3. Restoration of the Bourbons: Alphonso XII (1875-1885). 

4. The Constitution of 1876. 

B. Spain under Alphonso XIII (1886- ). 

1. The regency of Maria Christina (1885-1902). 

The Cuban revolt (1895-1898). 

The War with the United States (1898) and its results. 

2. Personal rule of Alphonso (1902- ). 

Economic development of Spain. 

Liberal legislation as an antidote to political opposition. 
Imperialism : Spain in Morocco. 
Hayes, II, 378-385. 

IV. Portugal. 

A. Decline of the monarchy in Portugal. 

1. Politics under the monarchy, 1852-1889. 

2. The disastrous reign of Carlos I (1889-1908) and the 

dictatorship of Franco. 

3. Manoel II (1908-1910) and the downfall of the monarchy. 

B. Portugal under the republic. 

1. The republican revolution of 1910. 

2. Instability of the Republic and political repression. 

C. The Portuguese colonial empire. 

Hayes, II, 385-389. 

V. The Kingdom of Belgium. 

A. The Belgian constitution of 183 1. 

B. Economic prosperity of Belgium: development of agriculture, 

industry, commerce. 

C. Supremacy of the Catholic Party in Belgium, 1884-1914. 

1. Relations between Church and State. 

2. Opposition to the Catholic Party. 

The issue : public education. 

Parties of opposition : Liberals ; Socialists. 

3. Belgian educational policy. 

4. Extension of political democracy. 

5. Social legislation. 



THE GERMAN EMPIRE 67 

D. World politics: Belgium's part in the Great War. 

1. Beginnings of the Belgian colonial empire: Leopold II 

and the Congo. 

2. The military service law of 1909 and the armament bill 

of 1913- 

3. King Albert (1909- ) and Belgian resistance to the 

German invasion. 
Hayes, II, 389-392. 



PART VII. TEUTONIC EUROPE, 1871-1914 

I. The German Empire. 

A. The constitution and government of Germany, 1871-1918. 

1. The government of the German Empire. 

The Emperor. 

Powers as Emperor. 

Powers as king of Prussia. 
The Bundesrat. 
The Reichstag. 

2. Relations between the federal government and the state 

governments. 

3. Undemocratic' character of the German government. 

Privileged position of Prussia in the Empire. 
Powers of the Imperial Chancellor. 
Powers of the Bundesrat. 

4. Reasons for the stability of the German government. 

B. The Empire under Bismarck, 1871-1890. 

1. Consolidation of the Empire, 1871-1877. 

2. Political parties under Bismarck. 

National Liberals. 
Conservatives. 
Progressives. 
Catholics (Center). 
Social Democrats. 

3. Bismarck's conflict with the Catholics: the KuUtirkampf. 

4. Bismarck's war on Socialism, 1878- 1890. 

5. Bismarck's new economic policy: the abandonment of 

laisser-faire. 
Break with the National Liberals. 



68 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

The protective tariff of 1879. 

Beginnings of the German colonial empire, 1884-1885. 
Social legislation, 1881-1890. 
6. Accession of William II (1888-1918). Dismissal of 
Bismarck (1890). 

C. The Empire under William II, 1890-1914. 

1. Economic prosperity : growth of industry, commerce, 

population. 

2. Growth of parties of opposition. 

Growth of the Social Democratic Party ; reasons for this 

growth. 
Minor political groups of opposition: Guelfs, Danes, 

Alsace-Lorrainers. Poles. 
The case of the Poles : Prussian treatment of Polish 

subjects. 

3. Chancellorship of Caprivi (1890-1894) and agrarian dis- 

satisfaction. 

4. Prince Ilohenlohe as chancellor (1894-1900) : Germany a 

"World Power," 
Renewed activity in the acquisition of colonies. 
Imperial encouragement and protection of German 

investments abroad. 
Beginnings of the powerful German navy. 

5. Chancellorship of Biilow (1900-1909). 

The tariff of 1902. 

The Bloc. 

Foreign policy under Biilow. 

The decisive elections of 1907. 

6. Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor 1909-1917, and the Great 

W'ar. 
The .A.rmy Rill of 1913. 
Seeming solidarity of the German people in 1914. 

Hayes, II, 397-426; Atlas: Robertson, 13. 

II. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1914. 

A. The constitution and government of Austria-Hungary. 

1. The Emperor-King Francis Joseph (1848-1916). 

2. The joint government of Austria and Hungary: the 

Ausglcich. 

3. The government of Austria: the Reichsrat. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 69 

4. The government of Hungary: the Magnates and the 

Deputies. 
Position of Transylvania and Croatia-Slavonia. 

5. Relations between Austria and Hungary. 

Conflicts over domestic policies. 

Agreement on foreign policy: the Balkans and the 
question of Bosnia-Herzegovina. 

B. Political and social reforms in Austria. 

1. Extension of political democracy : the electoral laws of 

1896 and 1907. 

2. Formation and development of political parties. 

3. Social legislation. 

4. The problem of conflicting nationalities. 

C. Reactionary policies of the Hungarian government. 

1. Economic and political repression of Rumans and Serbo- 

Croats. 

2. Undemocratic character of the suffrage. 

3. Increasing demand for political and social reform. 

Hayes, II, 426-435 ; Atlas : Robertson, 18, 21. 

III. The Swiss Confederation. 

A. Diversity of languages and religions. 

B. The government of Switzerland. 

1. The Constitution of 1848. 

2. The Constitution of 1874 and the extension of federal 

power. 

3. Radical extension of political democracy in the cantons 

and in the confederation : the initiative and referen- 
dum ; other political experiments. 

C. Economic and social progress. 

D. National defence: the "Swiss system" of universal training in 

the militia. 

Hayes, II, 435-439; Atlas: Robertson, 15. 

IV. The Kingdom of the Netherlands. 

A. The Dutch kingdom and its colonial empire. 

B. Holland under King William HI (1849-1890). 



70 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

C. Holland under Queen Wilhelmina (1890- ). 

1. Holland and the problem of military preparedness. 

2. Economic prosperity of the Dutch people. 

D. The neighboring grand-duchy of Luxemburg. 

Hayes, II, 439-442. 

V. The Scandinavian States. 

A. Developments common to the Scandinavian nations. 

B. The Kingdom of Denmark. 

1. The constitution of iiS66 and the government of Denmark. 

2. Frederick VHI (1906-1912), Christian X (1912- ), and 

the extension of political democracy in Denmark. 

C. Personal union of Sweden and Norway (1815-1905). 

1. The Bernadotte dynasty. 

2. Differences between Sweden and Norway. 

3. Achievement of the independence of Norway, 1905. 

D. The kingdom of Norway and the kingdom of Sweden since 

1905. 

1. Extension of political democracy. 

2. Social and economic problems. 

Hayes, II, 442-446; Atlas: Robertson, 31. 



PART VIII. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1855-1914 

I. Russia under Alexander II (1855-1881). 

A. Heritage from Nicholas I. 

1. Unyielding opposition of Nicholas to liberalism. 

2. Russia a land of the old regime. 

3. Military defeat: the Crimean War (1854-1856). 

4. The demand for reform. 

B. Reforms of Alexander II, 1855-1865. 

I. Emancipation of the serfs. 

Serfdom in Russia: miserable condition of the peasantry. 
Reform of the agrarian system : the Decree of 1861. 
Abolition of serfdom. 
Distribution of land to the mirs. 
Faulty administration of the decree. 



LIBERALISM VS. AUTOCRACY IN RUSSIA ^\ 

2. Local self-government. 

The Zcmstvos: composition and powers under the 
Decree of 1864. 

3. Legal and judicial reforms: the Decree of 1862. 

C. Abandonment of liberalism and the return to reactionary poli- 

cies, 1865-1881. 

1. Immediate cause of reaction: the Polish revolt of 1863. 

2. Institution of the secret police and the repression of 

liberalism. 

3. Adoption of compulsory universal military service (1874). 

D. The rise of revolutionary parties. 

1. Nihilists. 

2. Anarchistic Socialists. 

3. Terrorists. 

E. Assassination of Alexander II (1881). 

Hayes, II, 452-460 ; Atlas : Muir, 27, 63 ; Robertson, 
28-30, zd. 

II. Autocracy and "Russification," 1881-1905. 

A. Devotion of Alexander III (1881-1894) and Nicholas II (1894- 

1917) to autocracy, nationalism, and Orthodoxy. 

B. Factors contributing to the maintenance of the autocracy in 

Russia. 

1. Heterogeneity of peoples composing the Russian Empire. 

2. Intrenchment of the autocracy in Russia. 

Philosophy and practice of reaction: Pobedonostsev and 

Plehve. 
Loyalty of the governing classes. 
Support of the Orthodox Church. 
Illiteracy and the lack of popular education. 
Filial devotion of the peasantry to the Tsar. 
Predominance of agriculture and the maintenance of 

conservatism. 
Repressive measures of the government. 
The tradition of the autocracy. 

3. Intimate association of the autocracy with Pan-Slavism. 

C. Pan-Slavism and "Russification" under Alexander III. 

I. Two-fold program of Pan-Slavism. 
"Russification" of the Empire. 



72 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Extension of Russian influence to foreign lands inhab- 
ited by peoples of Slavic race. 
2. Suppression of lesser languages and dissident religious 
faiths. 

In Poland, White Russia, Lithuania, and the Baltic 
Provinces. 

Persecution of the Jews : repressive legislation and 
pogroms. 

D. Continuance of autocracy and "Russification" under Nicholas II. 
Hayes, II, 460-473; Atlas: Muir, 26b. 

III. The Industrial Revolution in Russia and Revival 
of Opposition to the Autocracy. 

A. The Russian industrial revolution. 

1. Phases of the industrial revolution : commerce, industry, 

railways. 

2. Reasons for the occurrence of the revolution in the last 

part of the nineteenth century. 

3. Comparative industrial backwardness of Russia and the 

continued predominance of agriculture. 

B. New problems created by the industrial revolution ; their partial 

solution. 

1. Problem of government's relationship to the new indus- 

trial classes. 

2. Liberal policies of Witte, 1892-1903. 

Encouragement of railway construction. 
The protective tariff. 

Capitalistic imperialism: Russian influence in China and 
Persia. 

3. Opposition of the autocracy to further economic liberalism. 

C. New forms of opposition to the maintenance of the autocracy. 

1. Demand of tlie landed classes for agricultural and political 

reforms. 

2. Rise of a class-conscious proletariat. 

Influence of Marxian Socialism and the organization of 
Socialist parties : Social Democrats and Socialist 
RcvoUitionaries. 

3. The middle classes and the development of a new 

liberalism. 
The "Liberators." 



RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905 73 

Reaction against "Russification" : opposition and resist- 
ance of the lesser nationalities. 
Hayes, II, 473-478. 



IV. The Revolutionary Movement of 1905 and 
the Duma, 1906-1914. 

A. Causes of the revolutionary movement. 

1. Effect of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). 

2. "Red Sunday" and its results. 

B. Concessions of Nicholas II to the revolutionaries. 

1. The October Manifesto (1905) and the establishment of 

the Duma. 

2. Dismissal of reactionary ministers and the recall of Witte. 

C. The decline of the revolutionary movement, 1906, and the 

triumph of reaction. 

1. Factions among the revolutionaries. 

Milyukov and the "Cadets." 
The "Octobrists." 

2. "Union of the Russian People": the "Black Hundreds" 

and the reactionary terror. 

3. The manifesto of March, 1906; limitation of the powers 

of the Duma. 

4. Dismissal of Witte. The premiership of Stolypin (1906- 

1911). 

D. Struggle of the Duma to establish parliamentary government. 

1. Dissolution of the First Duma: the Viborg Protest (1906). 

2. Dissolution of the Second Duma ; alteration of the elec- 

toral law by decree of the Tsar, 1907. 

3. Conservative character of the Third Duma (1907-1912) : 

moderate reforms. 

4. Election of the Fourth Duma, 1912. 

E. The revolutionary movement in Finland. 

1. The "national strike" of 1905. 

2. The Finnish constitution of 1906. 

F. Russia on the eve of the Great War. 

I. Pan-Slavism and militarism: the Balkan crises and the 
army bill of 1913. 
Hayes, II, 478-487. 



74 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 



PART IX. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 

I, Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1683-1815. 

A. High tide of the Turkish advance : the Ottoman Empire in 1683. 

B. Dechne of the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth and 

eighteenth centuries. 

1. Gains of Austria: the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699). 

2. Gains of Russia: the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774). 

3. Corruption and tyranny in the administration of the 

Christian provinces of the Sultan. 

4. Extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1815. 

C. Rise of nationalism in the Balkan Peninsula. 

1. Balkan races and nationalities. 

2. Nationalist propaganda. 

Literary. 

Ecclesiastical : the religious situation in the Balkans. 

Political. 

Hayes, II, 490-498; Atlas: Muir, 28, Fig. XXII; 
Robertson, 5. 18, 22, 23. 

II. The Great Powers and the Dismemberment of 
Turkey in Europe, 1815-1886. 

A. First fruits of nationalism in the Balkans. 

1. Independence of Montenegro (1799). 

2. Autonomy of Serbia (1830). 

3. Independence of Greece (1832). 

4. Autonomy of the Rumanian provinces (1829). 

5. Union of Moldavia and Wallachia as Rumania (1862). 

B. The advance of Russia in the Near East. 

1. Russian aims and policies in the Near East. 

2. The Crimean War (1854-1856) a temporary check to the 

Russian advance. 

3. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. 

Occasion: disorders in European Turkey, 1875-1876. 
Military defeat of the Turks. 
The Treaty of San Stefano, 1878. 

4. Intervention of the powers and the demand for a general 

congress to consider the Eastern question. 



DISMEMBERMENT OF TURKEY 75 

C. The Congress of Berlin and the revision of the Treaty of San 

Stefano : the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. 

1. Interests of Austria and Great Britain and the attitude of 

Bismarck. 

2. The Treaty of Berlin, 1878. 

Gains of Russia. 

Status of Bosnia-Herzegovina. 

British occupation of Cyprus. 

Autonomy of Bulgaria, not including Eastern Rumelia 

and Macedonia. 
Independence of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro. 
Cession of Thessaly to Greece. 
Paper reforms for Turkey. 

D. Temporary character of the Berlin settlement. 

Hayes, II, 498-509; Atlas: Robertson, 23, 24. 

III. The Autonomy of Crete and Loss of the Turkish 
Possessions in Africa. 

A. Loss of Crete. 

1. Repeated Cretan revolts against the Turks. 

2. The Gra^co-Turkish War, 1897, and the autonomy of 

Crete. 

3. Union of Crete with Greece, 1913. 

B. Loss of the African possessions. 

1. Egypt. 

Mchcmet Ali, "Hereditary Governor," 1841. 

Egypt under a khcdive, 1866- 1914. 

The independent sultanate of ligypt, 1914. 

2. French conquest of Algeria (1830- 1847) and Tunis (1881). 

3. The Turco-Italian War and the loss of Tripoli (1912). 

Hayes, II, 509-514; Atlas: Robertson, 5, 26, 35. 

IV. Progress of the Balkan Nations and the Attempt 
to Rejuvenate Turkey. 

A. Progress of the Balkan nations in the latter half of the nine- 
teenth century. 
I. Greece. 

Constitutional government under George I (1863-1913). 
Economic prosperity and nationalist aspirations. 



Td AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Statesmanship and diplomacy of Venizelos (1864- ). 
Constantine I (1913-1917 and 1920- ). 

2. Rumania. 

King Charles (1866-1914). 

Nationalist aspirations. 

Natural resources and economic prosperity. 

3. Serbia. 

The court revolution of 1903 and the accession of King 

Peter. 
Nationalist aspirations of the Serbs. 

4. Montenegro. 

5. Bulgaria. 

Economic development. 
Nationalist aspirations of the Bulgars. 
Russian interference in Bulgarian affairs. 
Ferdinand, "Tsar of the Bulgars," 1908. 

B. Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) and opposition to reform in 

Turkey. 

1. Temporary concessions to the demand for reform. 

The Constitution of 1876. 

Paper guarantees of the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. 

2. Reaction and the abrogation of the Constitution of 1876. 

3. The regime of Abdul Hamid. 

Problem of the public debt. 
Loss of Turkish territory. 
Disorders and civil war. 
Foreign influence and intervention. 

C. Attempted reorganization of the Turkish Empire. 

1. The "Young Turks" and the movement for reform. 

2. The revolution of 1908: establishment of constitutional 

government. 

3. The revolution of 1909: deposition of Abdul Hamid. 

4. Policies of the Young Turks. 

Conflicts between liberalism and the new nationalism. 

5. Foreign difficulties of the revolutionary government. 

Loss of Bosnia-Herzegovina and of suzerainty over 

Bulgaria (1908). 
The Turco-Italian War (1911-1912) and the Balkan 

Wars (1912-1913). 

Hayes, II, 51S-528. 



THE BALKAN QUESTION TJ 

V. The Balkan Wars. 

A. The First Balkan War. 

1. The Macedonian and Albanian questions and the Balkan 

alliance. 

2. Military operations and the defeat of the Turks. 

3. The Treaty of London (1913). 

B. The Second Balkan War. 

1. Cause : quarrels among the Allies over the Turkish spoils. 

2. Military operations: intervention of Rumania and Turkey. 

3. The Treaty of Bucharest and the Treaty of Constanti- 

nople (1913)- 

C. Results of the Balkan Wars. 

1. Territorial readjustments in the Balkans. 

2. Costs of the wars. 

3. Decline of European Turkey. 

4. Intensification of nationalism in the Balkan States, 

D. Rival interests of the Great Powers in the Near East. 

E. The Balkan Wars the forerunner of the Great War of 1914. 

Hayes, II, 528-539; Atlas: Robertson, 25, 26. 

Map Study Number Twelve (Part A). 



Book V 

NATIONAL IMPERIALISM 
PART I. THE NEW IMPERIALISM 

I. Decline of the Old Colonial Movement. 

A. Achievements of the old colonial movement. 

1. Spanish and Portuguese civilization in Latin America. 

2. The Dutch in the East Indies. 

3. France in North America, the West Indies, and India. 

4. Foundations of the British Empire. 

B. Partial collapse of the old colonial movement. 

1. Continuance of missionary zeal, but without government 

support. 

2. Theoretical opposition to the old colonial movement : the 

decline of mercantihsm. 
The new economics : laisser-fairc in colonial affairs. 
Abandonment of mercantilism in England : the free 

traders and the "Little England" idea. 

3. Practical opposition to the old colonial movement. 

Colonial revolts and the demand for local self-govern- 
ment. 
Hayes, II, 545-550. 

II. The New Imperialism. 

A. The industrial revolution and economic motives for the new 
imperialism. 

1. Colonies as markets for surplus products of large scale 

manufacture and as a stimulus to manufactures. 
Question as to the validity of this expectation. 

2. Colonies as sources of supply for raw materials and 

foodstuffs. 

79 



8o AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

3. The capitalist system and the new imperialism. 

Influence of capitalists in the promotion of the new 
imperialism. 

Surplus capital and the "backward regions" as oppor- 
tunities for profitable investments. The so-called 
"export of capital." 

B. The French Revolution, the growth of nationalism, and the new 

imperialism : the patriotic motive. 

1. Colonies for national power and prestige. 

2. Colonies as horries for surplus population. 

Questionable validity of the "surplus population" argu- 
ment. 

C. The religious motive. 

1. Spread of Catholic and Protestant missions. 

2. Effects of missions on imperialism ; effects of imperialism 

on missions. 

D. Reaction of the new imperialism on nationalism and on 

democracy. 

Hayes, II, 550-560. 



PART II. THE SPREAD OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN ASIA 

I. The Partial Dismemberment and the Political Regeneration 

of the Chinese Empire. 

A. Isolation of the Chinese Empire before 1840. 

B. Territorial extent of the Chinese Empire at the opening of the 

nineteenth century. 

C. Forcible opening up of China to foreign commerce and Chris- 

tian missions. 

1. The Opium War (1840-1842) and the Treaty of Nanking. 

2. The Second Chinese War (1856-1860) and the treaties of 

Tientsin. 

3. Extension of "open-port" privileges to other powers. 

D. Foreign aggression and the loss of the outlying provinces and 

tributary states. 

1. Russia : Sakhalin, Amur River region, Sin-Kiang. 

2. Japanese aggrandizement. 

Japanese recognition of Korean independence (1876). 



CHINA AND JAPAN 8i 

The Chino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. 

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895). 

Revision of the Treaty of Shimonoseki by the Powers. 

3. European gains, 1897-1898: the leased ports and other con- 

cessions. 
Germany in the Shan-tung peninsula : Kiao-chau. 
France in Kwang-chow Wan. 
Russia in Manchuria and the Liao-tung peninsula : Port 

Arthur. 
Great Britain in Wei-hai-wei. 

4. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and the Treaty of 

Portsmouth. 

5. Other foreign territorial encroachments. 

The French in Indo-China. 

The British in Burma and Tibet. 

E. Opening up of China to foreign capitalists. 

1. Railway and factory construction ; exploitation of natural 

resources. 

2. Foreign '"spheres of influence." 

F. Political regeneration of China. 

1. China's problem: Europeanization or partition? 

2. Early attempts at reform and Europeanization. 

3. Reaction and the Boxer rebellion (1900). 

4. The Young China Party and the Revolution of 1911-1912. 

5. Establishment of the Chinese Republic, 1912. 

Hayes, II, 560-576; Atlas: Muir, 63; Robertson, 34. 

II. The Awakening of Japan. 

A. The ending of Japanese seclusion: visits of Perry (1853) and 

Harris (1857). 

B. The Japanese revolution of 1867-1868. 

1. Factors contributing to the outbreak of the revolution. 

Shogun versus Mikado and the conversion of the 

Daimios. 
Question of the necessity of Europeanization. 
Shintoism. 

2. Overthrow of the Shogun and accession as Mikado of 

Mutsuhito (1867-1912). 

3. Abolition of feudalism. 



82 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

4. The revolution the forerunner of reform. 
Military. 
Administrative. 

Political: adoption of constitutional government (i 
Adoption of occidental methods and ideas. 

C. The industrial revolution in Japan. 

1. Remarkable developments in commerce, industry, and rail^ 

way construction. 

2. Social effects of the industrial revolution. 

D. Militarism and imperialism. 

1. The War with China (1894-1895) and the annexation of 

Formosa. 

2. Preparedness : military reforms and naval construction. 

3. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). 

Military and naval events : Mukden and Port Arthur. 
Treaty of Portsmouth and the annexation of part of 
Sakhalin. 

4. Annexation of Korea (1910). 

5. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902). 

6. Japan a World Power. 

Hayes, II, 577-586; Atlas: Muir, 52c, 63; Robert- 
son, 34. 

III. Russian Expansion in Asia. 

A. Extension of the frontier and boundaries of Siberia. 

B. Russian expansion southward. 

1. From Siberia : encroachments on Chinese Manchuria and 

Mongolia. 

2. In the Caspian region and Turkestan. 

3. In Persia, 

C. The clash with Great Britain in central Asia. 

1. Conflicting interests in Persia. 

The struggle for commercial and political concessions. 
The Persian Revolution of 1906-1909 and foreign in- 
trigue. 
The agreement of 1907 defining "spheres of interest." 

2. The agreement of 1907 regarding Afghanistan. 

Hayes, II, 586-592; Atlas: Muir, 63; Robertson, 
32-34- 



IMPERIALISM IN THE AMERICAS 83 

IV. Survey of the Rival Empires in the Far East, 1914. 

A. European. 

1. Russian: extent, resources, and weaknesses of the Russian 

possessions. 

2. British possessions and influence. 

3. French, Dutch, and German colonial empires. 

B. American. 

1. Colonial possessions of the United States in the Far East. 

2. American policies in Asia. 

Commercial : the "open door" in China. 

Financial : official discouragement of investments and 
concessions during early years of the Wilson admin- 
istration. 

C. Asiatic. 

1. Japanese territorial expansion at the expense of China. 

2. Japan as the champion of Asiatic peoples against the 

"foreigner." A Japanese Monroe Doctrine for 

Asia? 

Hayes, II, 592-596; Atlas: Muir, 63; Robertson, 34. 



PART III. EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS 

I. The Old Colonialism and the New Imperialism. 

A. Achievements of the old colonialism in America. 

1. The transmission of French and English civilization to 

Canada. 

2. Anglo-Saxon civilization in the United States. 

3. Latin civilization in Central and South America. 

B. Beginnings of the new imperialism. 

Hayes, II, 600-602. 

II. The Development of the United States. 

A. Territorial expansion and the growth of population. 

B. The industrial revolution in the United States. 

1. Influence of the War of 1812 and its antecedents. 

2. Industrial progress and railway construction before the 

Civil War. 



84 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

3. The Civil War a new industrial revolution. 

4. Effects of the industrial revolution. 

On domestic problems. 

On foreign policy : naval construction and imperialism. 

C. The United States a World Power. 

1. Effect of the War with Spain : a foothold for the new 

imperialism in the Far East and in the West Indies. 

2. The Monroe Doctrine and the special position of American 

investors in Latin America. 

3. Construction of the Panama Canal. 

Hayes, II, 602-605; Bassett, 764-774, 782-790, 806- 
807, 809-821, 826; Atlas: Muir, 57. 

III. Latin America and Its Problems. 

A. Political problems of Latin America. 

1. Tardiness in the achievement of political independence 

(1810-1903). 

2. The ten Latin-American states of 1830 and the twenty of 

1914. 

3. The remnants of European holdings in Latin America. 

4. Governmental instability : the problem of "revolution" and 

war. 

5. Possibilities for the solution of these problems : example 

of the "A-B-C" powers. 

6. Problem of relationship with the United States : the Mon- 

roe Doctrine and Pan-Americanism. 

B. Economic problems of Latin America. 

1. The plantation system and the persistence of a landed 

aristocracy. 

2. Lack of capital and necessity for foreign investments. 

C. Mexico as an example of the political and economic problems of 

Latin America. 

Hayes, II, 605-614; Atlas: Muir, 58. 



THE PARTITION OF AFRICA 8$ 



PAET IV. THE PARTITION OF AFRICA 

I. Preliminary Steps in the Partition of Africa. 

A. Limited European settlements before 1870. 

1. Early Portuguese and Dutch settlements. 

2. Beginnings of the British dominion. 

Encroachments on the Dutch possessions : annexation 

of Cape Colony (1806) and of Natal (1843). 
British possessions in West Africa. 

3. French ventures. 

B. Important results of the abolition of the African slave trade 

(1807- 1850). 

C. Exploration and European interest in the interior of the Dark 

Continent. 

1. Stanley and Livingstone. 

2. Leopold II and the Congo Free State : foundation of the 

Belgian colonial empire. 
Hayes, II, 614-620. 

II. Staking Out of Claims by the Powers. 

A. Motives in the partition of Africa. 

1. Role of the missionaries and patriots. 

2. Role of the promoters and concessionaires : Rhodes and 

Liideritz. 

3. Role of the governments. 

B. The partition of Africa by international agreements. 

1. The international conference of Berlin (1884-1885). 

2. The Anglo-German agreement of 1890. 

3. Disputes between France and Great Britain and their 

settlement. 
The Anglo-French agreement of 1890. 
The Fashoda incident (1898) and the Anglo-French 

agreement of 1899. 
The Anglo-French agreement of 1904. 

4. Disputes between France and Germany: the Moroccan 

question. 
The Algeciras Conference (1906). 



86 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

The Agadir afifair (igii). 

The French agreements of 191 1 and 1912 with Germany 
and Spain. 
5. The Anglo-Portuguese agreement of 1S91. 

C. Survey of the possessions and colonial policies of the European 
powers in 1914. 

Hayes, II, 620-637; Atlas: Muir, 64; Robertson, 35. 



PART V. THE BRITISH EMPIRE 

I. Self-Governing Colonies. 

A. The nature and relative importance of the self-governing 

colonies. 

B. Canada. 

1. The government of Canada, 1774-1837. 

2. The French Canadians of Lower Canada and the Rebellion 

of 1837. 

3. Lord Durham's report, 1839. 

4. Achievement of responsible government (1847). A prece- 

dent for the extension of self-government to other 
colonies. 

5. Establishment of the Dominion of Canada (1867). Con- 

stitutional provisions of the British North America 
Act. 

6. Territorial expansion of Canada. 

C. Australia. 

1. The .Australasian colonies and the Australian Common- 

wealth Act, 1900. 

2. Social and labor legislation in Australia. 

D. New Zealand. 

1. Establishment of the Dominion of New Zealand (1907). 

2. Experiments in political and social democracy. 

3. State socialism in New Zealand. 

E. South Africa. 

1. Responsible government in Cape Colony (1872) and Natal 

(1893). 

2. The Boer War (1899-1902) : British annexation of the 

Orange Free State and the Transvaal. 



THE BRITISH EMPIRE 87 

3. Extension of self-government to the former Boer repub- 

lics (1906- 1907). 

4. The Union of South Africa established, 1909. 

F. The movement for imperial federation. 

1. The relationship between the Dominions and the mother 

country : slight British control over the "colonial 
nations." 

2. Imperial preference an economic bond of union : the work 

of Chamberlain. 

3. Imperial conferences a political bond of union. 

4. Dominion contributions to naval and military defence of 

the Empire. 

Hayes, II, 640-657; Atlas: Muir, 57, 64d, 65; 
Robertson, 36. 

II. Crown Colonies and Protectorates. 

A. Fundamental differences between the crown colonies and pro- 

tectorates and the self-governing colonies. 

B. The British crown colonies. 

C. Territories administered by chartered companies. 

D. The protectorates. 

1. The nature of a protectorate. 

2. British protectorates in Asia and Africa. 

3. The special position of Egypt. 

Events leading to the establishment of the protectorate 

(1914). 
The Suez Canal and the strategic importance of Egypt. 
British reforms in Egypt and the extension of partial 

self-government. 
The Young Egyptian movement. 
Administration of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 

E. Undemocratic administration of the crown colonies and protec- 

torates. 

Hayes, II, 657-662. 

III. The Empire of India. 

A. The position of India in the British Empire. 

B. Disunity in India. 

I. Geographical divisions a hindrance to homogeneity. 



88 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

2. Racial divisions. 

3. Religious differences. 

4. Political dissensions. 

5. Relation of Indian disunity to the maintenance of British 

rule. 

C. Extension of British control and the evolution of the govern- 

ment of India. 

1. The empire-builders of the East India Company. 

2. Indian government under the East India Company. 

Gradual extension of control by the British Parliament : 
the Regulating Act of 1773 and the India Act of 

1784. 
The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) and tlie end of Company gov- 
ernment. 

3. Indian government under the Crown. 

Better Government of India Act, 1858. 
The Queen "Empress of India," 1877. 
Indian Councils Act, 1909. 

4. Spread of Nationalist agitation. 

D. Economic importance to Great Britain of the control of India. 

E. Economic progress of India under British rule. 

Hayes, II, 66_'-672; Atlas: Muir, 6_', 63; Robert- 
son, 36. 

IV. The British Empire Illustrative of the New Imperialism. 

A. Imperialism and British business. 

1. British manufacturers and imperialism. 

2. The British commercial classes and the colonies. 

3. British capitalists and the profits of colonial investments. 

B. The "parasites of imperialism." 

C. Imperialism and militarism. 

1. The British Navy and the British Empire. 

2. The military classes and the imperial impulse. 

D. The success of Great Britain in empire-building. 

Hayes, II, 672-675. 



NATIONALISM AND MILITARISM 89 



PABT VI. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 1871-1914 

I. The Concert of Europe. 

A. Failure of the organization of a Concert of Europe (1830), but 

persistence of the principle. 

B. Achievements of the Concert of Europe. 

1. The Declaration of Paris (1856) and the development of 

the laws of war. 

2. The Geneva Convention and the International Red Cross. 

3. The Congress of Berlin (1878) and the Near Eastern 

question. 

4. Attempts of the Concert to adjust colonial controversies. 

5. The Concert and the Boxer Rebellion (1900). 

6. Weakness of the Concert during the Balkan Wars ( 1912- 

1913). 

C. Forces operating in support of the principle of the Concert. 

1. Growing popular internationalism and pacifism. 

2. Extension of the principle of international arbitration. 

3. The Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907). 

D. Forces operating in opposition to the principle of the Concert. 

1. Nationalism. 

2. Grave territorial problems. 

3. Militarism. 

4. The cult of nationalism and militarism. 

E. Decline of the Concert of Europe. 

1. Rise of the idea of a Balance of Power. 

2. Importance of the armament bills of 1913. 

3. Collapse of the Concert in the crisis of 1914. 

Hayes, II, 679-691. 

II. The Hegemony of Germany, 1871-1890. 

A. Bismarck and the isolation of France. 

1. Alienating European sympathy and support of France. 

Conciliation of Austria-Hungary. 
Bismarck and Great Britain. 
Bismarck's policy toward Russia. 

2. Alliances to secure the diplomatic isolation of France. 

The Three Emperors' League, 1872. 



90 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

The Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary, 1879. 
Formation of the Triple Alliance, 1882. 

B. The success of Bismarck's policies. 
Hayes, II, 691-697. 

III. The Balance of Power, 1890-1914. 

A. Reaction against the hegemony of Germany and the formation 

of the Triple Entente. 

1. Formation of the Dual Alliance between Russia and 

France, 1891-1895. 
Reasons for the break between Russia and Germany. 
Reasons for the alliance between Russia and France. 

2. British abandonment of the policy of isolation. 

Reasons for growing rivalry of Great Britain and Ger- 
many. 

Sources of conflict between Great Britain and the mem- 
bers of the Dual Alliance. 

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902. 

3. The Entente Cordiale of 1904 between England and 

France. 
Importance of the policies of Delcasse. 

4. Formation of the Triple Entente, 1907. 

B. The Triple Entente and the diplomatic isolation of Germany and 

Austria-Hungary. 

1. Re-establishmcnt of friendly relations between Russia 

and Japan and the renewal (1911) of the Anglo- 
Japanese alliance. 

2. French conciliation of Italy and Spain. 

C. Trials of strength between Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. 

1. The Moroccan question. 

First Moroccan crisis: Tangier and Algeciras (1905- 

1906). 
Second Moroccan crisis: the affair of Casablanca (1908). 
Third Moroccan crisis: the Agadir incident (1911). 

2. The Near Eastern question. 

German and Austrian ambitions in the Near East: the 
Drang nach Osten and the Bagdad Railway. 

First Near Eastern crisis : annexation of Bosnia- 
Herzegovina ( 1908) and the humiliation of Russia 
and Serbia (1909). 



RECURRING INTERNATIONAL CRISES 91 

Second Near Eastern crisis: the Tripolitan War (1911- 

1912). 
Third Near Eastern crisis: the Balkan Wars (1912- 

1913). 

The ordeal by fire. 

1. 1913, the year of preparations. 

2. The final test of strength : the Great War. 

Hayes, II, 697-719. 

Map Study Number Tzvelve {Parts B and C). 



Book VI 

THE GREAT WAR 

PART I. THE CAUSES OF THE WAR 

I. The General Cause: International Anarchy. 

A. Nationalism. 

1. Nationalism as an obstacle to international organization. 

2. Exclusiveness and intolerance of nationalism : Kniturs, 

racial egotism and antipathies, "perils." 

3. Nationalism in uncritical support of foreign trade and 

foreign investments. 

B. Imperialism. 

1. Competition and self-interest the keynotes of the age. 

2. Trade and investment international in fact, national in 

organization. 

3. Spread of imperialism and the appearance of an increas- 

ing number of "arenas of friction." 

C. Militarism. 

1. Force and the threat of force the final arbiters in inter- 

national difTerenccs: The Armed Peace. 

2. Professional diplomacy the handmaid of militarism. 

Hayes, III, 1-7. 

II. The Immediate Cause: Nationalism, Imperialism, 
Militarism in Germany. 

A. Factors in the development of militarism in Germany. 

1. Geographical situation. 

2. The tradition of militarism. 

3. Political organization of Prussia and of the German 

Empire. 

4. Structure of German society. 

93 



94 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B. German imperialism. 

1. Classes in support of imperialism : influence of the 

Junkcrthum and capitalists. 

2. Half-hearted resistance of the Catholics and Social Demo- 

crats. 

C. Relationship of German nationalism to imperialism and mili- 

tarism. 

D. Aggressive German foreign policy. 

1. The "mailed fist" in the Moroccan and Near Eastern 

crises. 

2. Aggressiveness and the doctrine of a "preventive war." 

Hayes, III, 7-13. 

III. The Occasion: Murder of the Archduke 
Francis Ferdinand. 

A. The Austro-Serbian crisis. 

1. Political significance of the murder of the Archduke 

Francis I'erdinand, at Serajevo, June 28, 1914. 
Domestic and foreign policies of the Archduke. 
Alleged connivance of the Serbian Government with the 

assassins. 

2. The Potsdam conference and tlic determination of Austro- 

German policy. 

3. The negotiations between Austria and Serbia. 

The Austrian ultimatum of July 2},, 1914. 
Character of the Serbian reply, July 25. 
Austrian declaration of war, July 28. 

B. Failure of diplomacy in the crisis. 

1. Attempts to adjust the Austro-Serbian controversy. 

2. Efforts to avoid a general European war. 

Proposals of England, France and Russia. 

Mediation and a conference of the Powers. 
Demands of Germany. 

Localization of the conflict between Austria and 
Serbia. 

Cessation of military preparations by other nations. 

3. Pressure of the militarists against the diplomatists: 

mobilization and the outbreak of war. 



OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR 95 

C. Casting of the die : the resort to force. 

1. Russian mobilization and the German declaration of war, 

August I. 

2. The German ultimatum to France and the German declara- 

tion of war, August 3. 

3. Violation of the neutrality of Belgium and the interven- 

tion of Great Britain, August 4. 

4. Alignment of the combatants, August 13. 

Germany and Austria-Hungary. 

Russia, France, Great Britain, Serbia, Montenegro, 
Belgium. 

5. Proclamations of neutrality by Italy and the United 

States. 

Hayes, III, 13-20. 



PAKT II. MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC EVENTS OF THE WAE 

I. Events of the Fall and Winter, 1914-1915. 

A. Mobilization and the German plan of campaign. 

B. The war on the Western front. 

1. The German thrust through Belgium. 

Fall of Liege and other fortresses : influence of the new 

artillery. 
Futile resistance of the French at Charleroi and of the 

British at Mons. 

2. Failure of the French counter-thrust in Alsace-Lorraine. 

3. The invasion of France. 

High tide of the German advance and the first Battle 
of the Marne, September 6-12. 

4. The German drive against Antwerp and the channel ports. 

5. Summary of German gains and losses in the West. 

Hayes, III, 21-40. 

Map Study Number Thirteen. 

C. The war in the East. 

1. The Russian invasion of East Prussia. 

Tannenbcrg, August 26-31. 

2. The Russian invasion of Galicia. 

3. The German invasion of Russian Poland : the struggle 

for Warsaw. 



96 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

4. Manifestations of the weaknesses of the Russian autocracy 
in prosecution of the war. 
Hayes, III, 41-53. 

D. Successful Serbian resistance to Austrian invasion. 

Hayes, III, 55-57. 

E. Conquest of the German colonies. 

1. Participation of Japan and seizure of the German rights 

in Shan-tung. 
Reasons for the Japanese declaration of war, August 23. 
Siege and capture of Kiao-chao, November 10. 

2. Importance of the loyalty of the British colonies. 

3. Seizure by Australia, New Zealand and Japan of Ger- 

many's island colonies in the South Seas. 

4. Attacks on the German possessions in Africa. 

Hayes, III, 62-69. 

F. The war on the high seas. 

1. Importance of the British naval power. 

2. The German naval victory in the southern Pacific, Novem- 

ber I, 1914. 

3. Battle of the Falkland Islands, December 8. 

4. German raiders : against British commerce and against the 

English seacoast. 

5. Beginning of the German submarine warfare : announce- 

ment of the "war zone" and the blockade of France 

and the British Isles, February, 1915. 
Question of the legality of submarine warfare. 
Protests of the neutrals. 
Events leading to the sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 

1915, and effect upon public opinion in the United 

States. 

Hayes, III, 58-62, 73-79. 

G. Readjustment of international alliances and widening of the 

conflict. 

1. The Pact of London (September, 1914). 

2. Enlistment of Turkey by the Central Powers. 

Economic and strategic importance of Turkey. 

Events leading to the Allied declarations of war, No- 
vember 3-5, 1914. 

Proclamation of the Holy War: the test of strength 
between nationalism and Mohammedanism. 



RISING FORTUNES OF GERMANY 97 

British annexation of Cyprus (November) and estab- 
lishment of the protectorate over Egypt (Decem- 
ber). 

Weaknesses of Turkey as a belligerent. 
Hayes, III, 20, 69-73. 

II. Rising Fortunes of Germany, 1915-1916. 

A. Efforts of the Allies in the Near East. 

1. The disastrous Dardanelles campaign, February, 1915, to 

January, 1916. 

2. Failure of the Allied diplomatic offensive in the Balkans. 

3. The intervention of Italy. 

Italian demands on Austria-Hungary for "compensa- 
tions." 
The secret treaty with the Entente, April 26, 1915. 
Declaration of war against Austria-Hungary, May 23, 

1915- 
Advantages and disadvantages to the Allies of Italian 
participation. 
Hayes, III, 80-98. 

B. Anglo-French offensives in the West, 1915. 

1. The British at Neuve Chapelle, March, 191 5. 

2. The lesson of Neuve Chapelle: Allied deficiencies in mu- 

nitions. 

3. The German counter-offensive : Second Battle of Ypres, 

April-May, 1915 ; first use of poison gas. 

4. Allied offensives of September in the Artois and in the 

Champagne. 

5. Influence of campaigns in the West on the Russian retreat. 

Hayes, III, 1 12-120. 

C. The Austro-German offensive of 191 5 against Russia. 

1. Mackensen's drive : the recovery of Galicia. 

2. Hindenburg's drive: the conquest of Russian Poland. 

3. Weaknesses of Russia. 

Deficiencies in materiel. 
Political and social discontent. 
Hayes, III, 99-107. 

D. German mastery of the Near East. 

I. The German diplomatic offensive in the Balkans: Bul- 
garia's entry into the war, October, 1915. 



98 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

2. Conquest of Serbia, October-November, 1915. 

3. Belated attempt of the Allies to assist Serbia : the Salonica 

expedition. 

4. Mittel-Europa and the Drang nach Ostcn accomplished 

facts. 

5. Turkey in the war. 

Abortive British expedition in Mesopotamia: siege of 

Kut-el-Amara and surrender of Townshend. 
The Grand Duke Nicholas in the Caucasus. 

6. Belligerency and defeat of Rumania, August-December, 

1916. 

Hayes, III, 121-142; 181-191. 

E. Teutonic efforts to force a decision in 1916. 

1. Teutonic optimism in the spring of 1916 and its causes. 

2. Great effort under the Prussian Crown Prince at Verdun, 

February- July. 
Strategic and political importance of Verdun. 
Heroic defence of the French ; ultimate failure of the 

Germans. 

3. The Austrian offensive in the Trentino and its partial 

success. 

4. The offensive at sea. 

Declaration of "unrestricted" submarine warfare, Feb- 
ruary, 1916. 

The Battle of Jutland, May 31, 1916. 
Hayes, III, 143-158; 163; 165-166. 

F. Stiffening resistance of the Allies. 

X. Attempted co-ordination of Allied plans, military and 
economic. 

2. The Russian drives on the Styr and the Sereth. 

3. The Italian offensive on the Isonzo: capture of Gorizia, 

August, 1916. 

4. Anglo-French offensive in the West : Battle of the Somme, 

July- September, 1916. 

5. Estimate of the relative strength and weaknesses of the 

belligerents in the fall of 1916. 
Hayes, III, 168-181. 

G. Moves for peace. 

1. The Teutonic "peace drive" : the proposal of December 12. 

2. Replies of the Allies. 



INTERVENTION OF THE UNITED STATES 99 

3. Independent peace proposal of the President of the United 
States, December 18 ; replies of the belligerents. 
Hayes, III, 191-200. 

H. The neutral nations and the war. 

1. Economic effects of the war upon the neutrals. 

2. Propaganda and intrigue in neutral nations. 

3. The German submarine campaign and growing irritation 

of non-belligerents. 

The United States and the Lusitania and Arabic cases. 

Neutral protests against "unrestricted" submarine war- 
fare. 

The United States and the Sussex case : diplomatic nego- 
tiations and eventual German repudiation of "ruth- 
lessness." 

4. Causes leading to the belligerency of Portugal, March, 

1916. 

Hayes, III, 162-164. 

III. Turn of the Tide: Intervention of the United States. 

A. The issue in the United States: peace or war? 

1. Factors contributing to the persistence of American neu- 

trality. 
Geographical isolation. 
Traditional American policies. 
"Isolation" and opposition to "entangling alliances." 
The Monroe Doctrine. 
Devotion to international arbitration. 
"Freedom of the seas." 
Popular attitude toward the causes of the war and to- 
ward the belligerents. 

2. Factors contributing to the eventual participation of the 

United States. 

Economic interests. 

Gradual formulation of an American opinion sympa- 
thetic to the Allies. 

German intrigue and Allied propaganda. 

American agitation for "preparedness." 

3. Formulation of an American program of a just peace. 

Issues of the presidential campaign of 1916. 

President Wilson's peace proposal of December 18, 1916. 

The famous address to the Senate, January 22, 1917. 



lOO AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

B. The occasion of American intervention : unrestricted submarine 

warfare. 

1. The German declaration of January 31, 1917, announcing 

unrestricted use of the submarine against belligerent 
and neutral vessels alike. 

Reasons for the renewal of unrestricted submarine war- 
fare by Germany. 

The proposal of a "safety lane" for American ships. 

2. Breach of diplomatic relations with Germany, February 3, 

1917. 

3. "Armed neutrality" or war? 

4. The die is cast. 

The "Zimmermann Note." 

"Overt acts." 

The Declaration of War, April 6, 1917. 

5. Influence of the Russian Revolution on public opinion in 

America. 

C. The strength of the United States and the cause of the Allies. 

1. Moral effect of the participation of the United States. 

2. Economic resources of the United States : credits, food, 

munitions, shipping. 

3. Military and naval strength of the United States. 

Early adoption of conscription: The Selective Service 
Act. 

4. The problem : speed in economic and military mobilization. 

Hayes, III, 201-224. 

IV. Rising Fortunes ot the Allies and Final Achievement 
of Victory. 

A. Failure of the German offensive at sea : unrestricted submarine 

warfare docs not compel the Allies to sue for peace. 

B. The campaign of 1917 on the Western Front paves the way for 

ultimate victory of the Allies. 

1. The German "strategic retreat" to the Ilindenburg Line 

(March, 1917). 

2. Attempts of the Allies to take the pivots of the Hinden- 

burg Line. 
Battle of Arras, April, 1917. 
Second Battle of the Aisne, April, 191 7. 



RISING FORTUNES OF THE ALLIES loi 

3. Warfare of "attrition" : Vimy Ridge, Chemin des Dames, 

Soissons, Verdun, Flanders. 

4. Open warfare at Cambrai, November-December, 1917. 

5. Summarj- of gains and losses. 

Hayes, III, 261-281. 

C A serious, but temporary, setback: the defection of Russia. 

1. First phase of the Russian Revolution strengthens the 

cause of the Allies.* 
Downfall of the Tsardom and the "war for democracy."' 
Reaffirmation of the Provisional Government of loyalty 

to the Allies. 

2. War weariness of the Russian people. 

Tremendous sacrifices previously made in prosecution of 

the war. 
Economic misery and disorganization. 
Disintegrating forces in the armies. 
Association of the war with imperialist ambitions of the 

Tsardom. 
German influence and propaganda. 

3. Manifestations of war weariness : moves toward peace. 

The Soviets and the demand for a restatement of war 
aims : the formula of "self-determination" and "no 
annexations and no indemnities." 

Kerensky's proposal for an Inter-Allied Conference for 
the revision of war aims. 

Reactions of the Allies to the Russian proposals. 

4. The abortive Russian offensive of July, 191 7. 

5. Failure of the regime of Kerensky. 

Collapse of discipline in the army. 
The Kornilov revolt and other internal dissension. 
War weariness the political stock-in-trade of the Bol- 
sheviki. 

6. The November (1917) Revolution: Dictatorship of the 

Bolsheviki. 
Responsibility of the Allies for the downfall of 

Kerensky. 
The Bolsheviki renew the demand for a restatement of 

war aims. 
Publication of the secret treaties. 

* Domestic phases of the Russian Revolution are treated separately; see 
below, pp. 107-111. 



I02 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Cessation of the war against Germany : the armistice of 
December, 1917. 

7. Peace negotiations and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 

3, 1918. 

8. The isolation and surrender of Rumania : the Treaty of 

Bucharest, March 7. 
Hayes, III, 225-260. 

D. Recovery of Allied prestige in the Near East during 1917. 

1. Maude's campaign in Mesopotamia. 

Creation of the independent Arab sultanate of Hedjaz, 

in alliance with the Allies. 
Importance of the capture of Bagdad, Alarch, 1917. 

2. Entry of Greece into the war. 

Venizelos and pro-Ally propaganda in Greece. 
Forced abdication of King Constantine, June, 191 7. 
The belligerency of Greece, July, 1917, and the strength- 
ening of the Macedonian front. 

3. Allenby's campaign in Palestine : capture of Jerusalem, 

December, 1917. 

4. Temporary strengthening of the position of the Central 

Powers : the Italian "debacle" of October-December. 
Hayes, III, 281-287, 293-297. 

E. Moves for peace. 

1. War weariness of the European peoples. 

"Defeatism" in Allied countries. 
Weakening morale in the Teutonic nations. 

2. Peace proposals and peace manceuvres prior to the final 

test of strength. 
Socialist moves for peace. 
The peace note of Pope Benedict XV, August i, 1917, 

and replies of the belligerents. 
Lord Lansdowne's plea for a "peace by compromise." 

3. The moral contribution of President Wilson : restatement 

of the war aims of the Allies in the "Fourteen 
Points," January, 1918. 
Hayes, III, 287-298. 

F. Germany's supreme effort : tlie offensive of 1918. 

1. The new methods of attack : "storm troops" and "infiltra- 

tion." 

2. The drive against the British : the Battle of Picardy, 

March-May. 



COLLAPSE OF GERMANY 103 

3. The drive against the French : the Aisne and the Oise, 

May-June. 

4. The drive against the ItaHans : the Piave, June-July. 

5. The final German offensive : the Second Battle of the 

Marne, July. 
Hayes, III, 299-325. 

G. The collapse of the Central Powers and the triumph of the 
Allies. 

1. Importance of unified command of the Allies. 

2. The Second Battle of the Marne as an Allied victory. 

3. Unsuccessful German resistance on the Western Front. 

The September offensive of the Americans at St. Mihiel. 
The Franco-American offensive on the Meuse and in the 

Argonne. 
Allied successes in other sectors. 

4. Half-hearted resistance of the Bulgars to the Allied offen- 

sive in Macedonia. 

5. The war in Asia Minor and defeat of Turkey. 

6. Internal disorders and the Italian offensive result in the 

collapse of Austria-Hungary. 
Hayes, III, 326-334, 342-356. 

H. The cessation of hostilities, 1918. 

1. The armistice with Bulgaria, September 30. 

2. The armistice with Turkey, October 30. 

3. Austrian pleas for peace and the armistice of November 3. 

4. Negotiations leading to the armistice of November 11 with 

Germany. 

Hayes, III, 356-364. 

J. An aftermath of the War: persistence of Allied military inter- 
vention in Russia. 

Hayes, III, 33-1-342. 

K. Summary of the costs of the Great War. 

1. In human life. 

2. In treasure. 

Hayes, III, 388-395, 



I04 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 



PAET III. THE PEACE CONFEEENCE AND THE SETTLEMENT 

I. Organization and Problems of the Conference. 

A. Colossal task of the Peace Conference. 

B. Conflicting theories as to the basic principles of a just peace. 

1. Advocates of the imposition upon the Central Powers of 

a punitive peace. 

2. Defenders of the sacredness and inviolability of the 

"secret treaties." 

3. The Russian formula of peace "without annexations and 

indemnities." 

4. Demands for "reparation," — economic and political. 

5. The American program : the Fourteen Points. 

6. Consideration of these conflicting programs complicated 

by an increase of nationalistic agitation whioh ac- 
companied the flush of victory. 

C. Attempts to reconcile conflicting aims and policies of the Allied 

powers. 

1. Exclusion of the Central Powers from the preliminary 

conference in order to avoid emphasis upon these 
conflicts of interests. 

2. The decision in favor of secret diplomacy. 

3. Fundamental alterations in the American program because 

of concessions to the special interests of other Allied 

powers. 
Great Britain and the "freedom of the seas." 
France and the proposed defensive alliance with Great 

Britain and the United States. 
Japan and the question of Shantung. 

4. Insistence of President Wilson upon incorporation in the 

treaties of the Covenant of the League of Nations. 

D. Personnel and organization of the Conference. 

1. Representation and representatives of the Allied nations. 

2. Importance of the work of the Committees and the co- 

operation of "experts." 



THE PEACE CONFERENCE 105 

3. The controlling force of the Conference : the Supreme 
Council (Council of Ten; then Council of Five; 
finally Council of Four). 

Hayes, III, 365-371. C. H. Haskins & R. H. 

Lord, Some Problems of the Peace Conference 
(Cambridge, 1920), Chap. I. E. R. Turner, 
Europe, 1789-1920 (New York, 1920), 576-585. 

II. General Character of the Settlement. 

A. The treaties which constitute the settlement. 

1. The Treaty of Versailles with Germany, June, 1919. 

2. The Treaty of St. Germain with Austria, September, 1919. 

3. The Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria, November, 1919. 

4. The Treaty of the Trianon with Hungary, June, 1920. 

5. The Treaty of Sevres with Turkey, August, 1920. 

B. Punitive measures against the Central Powers. 

1. Military and naval. 

2. Economic : indemnities and reparations. 

3. Political: cessions of territory and loss of colonies. 

C. Territorial readjustments in Europe. 

1. Territorial annexations of members of the Entente 

coalition. 

2. Territories the nationality of which has been or is to be 

fixed by plebiscite. 

3. New national states. 

The Republic of Poland and tlic free city of Danzig. 

The Republic of Czechoslovakia. 

Jugoslavia (Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and 
Slovenes). 

The Baltic republics : Finland, Esthonia, Latvia, Lithu- 
ania. 

The Republic of Hungary. 

The Ukrainian Republic. 

Albania. 

4. Expulsion of the Turks from Europe. 

D. Territorial readjustments outside of Europe. 

1. Disposition of the German colonies: the mandatary system. 

2. The dismemberment of Turkey. 

Neutral zone of the Straits. 
The Greek mandate in Smyrna. 



io6 AN OUTLINE OF iMODERN HISTORY 

British mandates in Palestine and Mesopotamia. 

The French mandate in Syria. 

The independent Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan 

repubHcs. 
The independent Kingdom of the Hedjaz. 
3. Cession to Japan of the German rights in Shantung. 

E. The Labor Convention an integral part of the settlement. 

1. Provision for an annual International Labor Conference. 

2. Definitions of minimum industrial standards. 

F. Other economic clauses of the treaties. 

1. Regulations regarding shipping, tariffs, finance. 

2. Control of ports, waterways, railways. 

G. Covenant of the League of Nations. 

1. Membership in the League. 

2. Government of the League : the Council ; the Assembly ; 

the Secretariat. 

3. Measures toward the limitation of armaments and the 

prevention of war. 

4. Measures in the interest of international economic and 

social welfare. 

5. The mandatary system under the League. 

Hayes, III, 373-388. E. R. Turner, Europe, lySg- 

1920, 585-597. 
Map Study Number Fourteen. 

III. The Treaties in Force. 

A. The exchange of ratifications. 

B. Dissent from the settlement and its principles. 

1. Refusal of China to sign the Treaty of Versailles. 

2. American dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles. 

The Senate reservations. 
Opposition to the League. 
Opposition to the Treaty. 

3. Poland's war on Russia a denial of the jurisdiction of the 

Conference in delimitation of the Russo-Polish boun- 
dary. 

4. The Turkish nationalists and armed rebellion against en- 

forcement of the Treaty of Sevres. 

5. The venture of D'Annunzio in Fiume, September, 1919,- 

December, 1920. 



THE SETTLEMENT AND THE LEAGUE 107 

C. Modifications of the settlement by force of circumstances. 

1. The question of German disarmament. 

2. The question of determining the German indemnity. 

D. The League of Nations in operation. 

1. Establishment of the permanent Secretariat at Geneva. 

2. Administrative and executive activities of the Council. 

3. First meeting of the Assembly of the League, November- 

December, 1920. 
Conflicts of authority between Assembly and Council. 
Question of amendments to the Covenant; withdrawal 

of Argentina. 
Failure to agree on a program for disarmament. 
Admission of Austria and Bulgaria to membership in 

the League. 

Hayes, III, 2,7?> \ 3S1-383 ; 385-386; 424-427- Turner, 
Europe, 1789- 1920, 592. 



PABT IV. NATIONALISM AND REPUBLICANISM DUEINO THE 
WAR AND AFTER 



I. The Russian Revolution. 

Imperial Russia in the Great War. 

1. Internal dissension submerged in national patriotism with 

outbreak of war. 

Pan-Slavism and the popularity of the war. 

Popular participation in prosecution of the war : the 
War Industries Committee, All-Russian Union of 
Zemstvos, etc. 

Unprecedented opportunity of the Tsardom to achieve 
national solidarity and loyalty through moderate re- 
forms. 

2. The autocracy misreads the signs of the times : the policy 

of reaction. 

Emptiness of the promise of autonomy to the Poles 
(August, 1914) ; effect upon loyalty of other dis- 
sentient nationalities. 

Suppression of opposition press and prosecution of 
liberals. 

Reactionary ministers : Stiirmer, Trepov, Protopopov, 
Soukhomlinov. 



io8 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Pro-German influences in the government. 
Rasputin and the Tsarina. 

3. The revival of discontent. 

Military defeat discredits the autocracy. 
The reform program of the Duma of 1915. 
Appalling casualties in the Russian armies and the be- 
ginnings of war-weariness. 
Disorganization of transportation and industry. 
Economic misery and industrial discontent. 

4. The issue of making Russia safe for democracy over- 

shadows the issue of "making the world safe for 

democracy." 

Hayes, III, 53-55; 107-112; 104; 225-227. 

B. The downfall of the autocracy: the March (1917) Revolution. 

1. Factors in the success of the March Revolution. 

Strikes, riots, demonstrations of the workmen of Pet- 

rograd. 
Refusal of the Duma to be prorogued (March 11). 
Support of the Revolution by the army. 

2. Abdication of the Tsar, !March 15, 1917. 

Hayes, III, 227-229; Ogg, 741-743- 

C. First phase of the Revolution, March-July, 1917: the moderate 

bourgeois Provisional Government of Prince Lvov. 

1. The coalition ministry: inlluence of Milyukov and 

Keren sky. 

2. Bourgeois reform.s of the Provisional Government. 

3. The crucial question of war aims. 

4. Reconstruction of the ministry, May, 191 7. 

Decreased representation of Constitutional Democrats 

and Octobrists. 
Increased representation of Socialist Revolutionaries ; 

advent to the ministry of representatives of the 

Social Democrats. 

5. Opposition to the Provisional Government. 

Tsarists and reactionaries. 
Conservative bourgeoisie. 
Nationalist minorities. 
Pro-Germans and German propaganda. 
Radicals. 

Socialist Revolutionaries. 

Social Democrats. 



THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917 109 

The Menshiviki. 

The Bolsheviki : Lenin and Trotsky. 
6. Failure of the July offensive and the downfall of the Lvov 
ministry. 

Hayes, III, 229-244. 

D. Second phase of the Revolution, July-November, 1917: the mod- 

erate Socialist regime of Kerensky. 

1. Premature uprising of the Bolsheviki (July, 1917) and 

the dictatorship of Kerensky. 

2. Kornilov's attempt to establish a military dictatorship. 

3. Refusal of the Allies to co-operate with Kerensky in a 

restatement of war aims. 
Hayes, III, 244-247. 

E. Third phase of the Revolution, November, 1917: dictatorship of 

the Bolsheviki. 

1. The Bolshevist coup d'etat of November 7, 1917. 

2. Fundamental characteristics of the Bolshevist regime. 

A government originating in force and maintained by 

force. 
A dictatorship maintained by a class in the interest of a 

class. 
A repudiation of political democracy. 

Dissolution of the National Constituent Assembly, 

January, 1918. 
Limitation of the suffrage to "producers." 
Influence of Tsarist schooling on political methods of the 

Bolsheviki. 

3. The Constitution of the "Russian Socialist Federated 

Soviet Republic." 
A series of declarations and decrees, ratified by the Fifth 

All-Russian Congress of Soviets, July, 1918. 
"Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited 

People." 
The economic and social revolution decreed by the Con- 
stitution. 
Displacement of representation on a geographical basis 

by representation on an occupational basis. 
The structure of Government. 
The All-Russian Congress. 
The All-Russian Executive Committee. 
The Council of People's Commissars. 



no AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

4. Foreign relations of the Bolshevist government. 

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. 

Allied intervention in Russia : its pretexts and its pur- 
poses. 

Russia and the Peace Conference. 

Persistence of French intervention : the "Cordon Sani- 
taire." 

The War with Poland. 

5. Failure of counter-revolution in Russia. 

Allied support of counter-revolutionary ventures. 
Failure of Kolchak, Denikin, Yudenitch, and Wrangel. 

6. The economic and social revolution under the Bolsheviki. 

The goal of the Bolsheviki: the complete destruction of 

bourgeois society. 
Significant revolutionary measures. 
Abolition of private property ; communism. 
Nationalization of land and of industries in the inter- 
ests of the peasants and workers respectively. 
Repudiation of the national debt. 
Disestablishment of the Church and secularization of 

education. 
Universal compulsory labor : "He shall not eat who 
does not work." 
Modification of Bolshevist theories in practice. 
Hayes, III, 247-255, 255-260; Ogg, 743-754- 

F. The Russian Revolution and the disintegration of the Russian 
Empire. 

1. The independence of Poland. 

The independent "Kingdom of Poland," a German crea- 
ture, November, 1916. 

Pilsudski and the Committee of National Defense. 

The independence of Poland a war aim of the Allies. 

Proclamation of the Polish People's Republic, November 
6, 1918. 

Recognition of the claims of Poland by the Peace Con- 
ference. 

2. The Ukrainian People's Republic. 

Proclamation of the independence of the "Little Rus- 
sians," November, 1917. 

Representation at the Peace Conference of Brest- 
Litovsk. 



THE GERMAN REVOLUTION OF 1918 in 

Ukrainia a Socialist Republic. 

3. Independence of the Baltic states. 

The Republic of Finland. 

The republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Esthonia. 

4. The Transcaucasian republics of Georgia and Azerbaijan. 

5. Secessionist movements in South Russia. 

6. The nebulous Republic of Siberia, under Japanese in- 

fluence. 

Hayes, III, 195-196; 237-238; 255-256; 297-298; 359; 

II. The Republican Revolution in Germany. 

A. National solidarity in Germany with the outbreak of the war. 

B. The war-time demand for political reform, 

1. The cabinet crises of 1917. 

Eflfects of the Russian Revolution and the intervention 

of the United States in the war. 
Fall of the Bethmann-Hollwcg ministry, July, 1917. 
The Chancellorship of George Michaclis, July-October, 

1917. 
Significance of the appointment as Chancellor of Count 
Hertling. 

2. Junker reaction with the military victories of the spring 

of 1918. 

3. Renewal of the demand for reform in the summer of 

1918. 
Proposed re-apportionment of representation in the 

Reichstag. 
Resignation of Hertling and appointment of the coalition 

ministry of Prince Maximilian, September 30, 1918. 

4. Tardy reforms of the Imperial Government. 

Nominal responsibility of the Chancellor to the Reichs- 
tag. 

Constitutional amendment depriving Emperor of the 
power to make war without consent of Reichstag 
and Bundesrat. 

5. Announcement of a scheme of electoral reform in Prussia. 

Hayes, III, 166, 266-269, 330-331 ; Ogg, 706-710. 

C. The republican revolution of November, 1918. 

I. The collaose of monarchical institutions. 



112 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Proclamation of the Bavarian republic, November 8. 
Establishment of the Imperial Regency, with Ebert as 

Chancellor, November 9. 
Complete triumph of republicanism throughout Germany. 
Abdication of the Kaiser, November 28, and of the 
Crown Prince, December i. 
2. Difficulties of the Ebert Government. 

Economic and political disorganization. 
Opponents of the Revolution. 

Reactionaries : Junkers, pan-Germans, royalists. 
Extreme radicals ; the Spartacans. 
Hayes, III, 356-363; Ogg, 710-716. 

D. The National Constituent Assembly and its work, February, 
1919-July, 1919. 

1. The Assembly chosen by universal, direct, secret suffrage 

of both men and women. 

2. Parties in the Assembly (in order of numerical represen- 

tation). 
Majority Socialists. 

Christian People's Party (Catholic Center). 
German Democratic Party (Progressives). 
National People's Party (Conservatives). 
Independent Socialists. 
People's Party (National Liberals). 

3. Adoption of a provisional constitution, with Ebert as Pro- 

visional President. 

4. The Constitution of the German Republic, adopted July 

31, 1919. 
Bill of Rights. 
Statement of the social and economic program of the 

Republic. 
Limitations on the powers of the states. 
Rcquircn:cnt that every _state must have a republican 

government. 
Restrictions on the governmental powers of the states. 
The Reichstag, or National Assembly. 

Membership, manner of election, and powers. 
The Reichsrat, or National Council. 

Membership and powers. 
The Executive : the President and the Cabinet. 
The Judiciary. 



THE GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN REPUBLICS 113 

Provisions regarding use of initiative, referendum, and 
recall. 

Comparison of the German Constitution with the con- 
stitutions of the United States and of Switzerland. 
Hayes, III, 363-364; Ogg, 717-732. 

E. The German Republic on trial. 

1. The royalist counter-revolution of March, 1920. 

Leaders of the militarist-royalist coup: von Kapp and 

von Liittwitz. 
The general strike and failure of the counter-revolution. 

2. Party alignments in 1920. 

3. The elections of June, 1920. 

Losses of the Government bloc: Majority Socialists, 

Democratic Party, and Christian People's Party. 
Gains of the extremists. 

Radicals : Independent Socialists and Communists. 
Reactionaries: National People's Party (Conserva- 
tives) and German People's Party (National 
Liberals). 

4. The chancellorship of Konstantin Fehrenbach (Centrist). 

The coalition ministry. 

5. Colossal nature of the economic and social problems of the 

Republic. 
Ogg, 73^-73(>- 

III. The Disintegration of the Austrian Empire. 

A. The war and the revival of nationalist agitation in the Dual 

Monarchy. 

1. Meeting of the Rcichsrat in 191 7 prorogued because of 

nationalist disturbances. 

2. Propaganda for Czech and Polish independence. 

3. The Jugoslavs and the Declaration of Corfu, July, 1917. 

Hayes, III, 263-266. 

B. Military defeat and the collapse of the Austrian Empire. 

1. Formation of the Republic of Czechoslovakia. 

Declaration of independence, October, 1918. 

The Czechoslovak National Assembly, November, 1918. 

2. The United Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 

(Jugoslavia). 
The Agram Convention and the choice of King Peter 



114 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

of Serbia as monarch and of Prince Alexander as 
regent. 
Problems of Jugoslavia : boundary disputes with Italy. 

3. The Hungarian Republic. 

Establishment of Hungarian independence, October, 1918. 
Proclamation of the Republic, November, 1918. 
The Communist regime of Bela Kun, March-July, 1919. 
The National Assembly and its problems. 

4. The Republic of German Austria. 

Proclamation of the Republic by the National Assembly, 

November 13, 1918. 
Desire of German Austria to be united with Germany 

frustrated by the Peace Conference. 
Election of the National Constituent Assembly, Febru- 
ary, 1919. 
Democratic character of the suffrage. 
Predominance of Social Democrats and Christian 

Socialists. 
Dr. Karl Renner as chancellor. 
Austria overwhelmed by economic distress, December, 
1920. 
Hayes, III, 348-356; 383; 386-387. 

IV. The British Empire and the War. 

A. Nationalist and Home Rule agitation in India. 

1. Indian loyalty to Great Britain during the war. 

2. Reasons for the revival of discontent in India. 

Economic distress and labor disturbances. 

Famine and the influenza epidemic. 

Illiteracy and poverty. 

Subordination of Indian economic and political interests 
to those of Great Britain. 

Mohammedan unrest over defeat and proposed dismem- 
berment of Turkey, 

3. Organization of Nationalist and Home Rule agitation. 

The Indian National Congress. 
All India Moslem League. 
National Home Rule League. 
Labor unions. 
Passive Resistance League. 

4. Repressive measures of the British government. 



REVOLT IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE 115 

Defence of India Act : the censorship ; government 

espionage; suppression of "sedition." 
Rowlatt Acts : emergencj' acts granting to the military 

and police extraordinary powers of search, arrest, 

and punishment (March, 1919). 
Ruthless military suppression of agitation : the "Amritsar 

Massacre," April, 1919. 

5. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report, August, 1917. 

Principle advocated by the report : gradual extension of 

home rule in India. 
Dissatisfaction of the Nationalists. 

6. The Government of India Act, December, 1919. 

Increased local self-government. 

Changes in the central government : the bicameral Indian 

Legislature. 
Reform of the civil service. 
Other measures looking toward eventual home rule for 

India. 

Hayes, 66; Cross, 900-905. 

Egyptian revolt against the Protectorate. 

1. Egyptian grievances against the British protectorate. 

Forced recruiting. 

Suspension of the Egyptian Assembly during the war. 

Censorship of the news and suppression of Nationalist 

opinions. 
Exclusion of native newspapers and political discussions 

from the schools. 
Arrest and deportation of Egyptian "representatives" at 

the Peace Conference. 

2. The "Young Egyptians" and the persistence of Nationalist 

agitation. 

3. Field Marshal Viscount Allenby as British High Com- 

missioner: the suppression of disorder (1919). 

4. The Milner Mission to Egypt and its report. 

Hostile attitude shown toward the Mission by the 

Egyptians. 
Its report submitted December, 1920: nature of the 
recommendations. 
Recognition of the independence of Egypt. 
Autonomous executive, legislative, and judicial depart- 
ments. 



ii6 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

British protection against foreign invasion. 
Cross, 896-897. 

C. The republican movement in Ireland. 

1. Review of the Irish situation in August, 1914. 

The Home Rule Bill of 1914. 

Resistance of the Ulsterites and the division of Ireland 

into two armed camps. 
Suspension of the Home Rule Bill at the outbreak of the 

war. 
Temporary submersion of Irish factional quarrels in 

common loyalty to the British cause. 

2. Factors in the revival of discontent in Ireland, 1915-1916. 

Continued suspension of the Home Rule Bill. 
Recruiting in Ireland for the British Expeditionary 

Forces. 
War taxes and other economic grievances. 
Aggressive republican propaganda. 
Growth of Sinn Fein. 
The Gaelic League. 

James Larkin and the development of radical labor 
organizations. 

3. The abortive Sinn Fein rebellion of 1916. 

Sir Roger Casement and the conspiracy with Germany. 
Proclamation of the "republic" in Dublin, April, 1916. 
British suppression of the revolt by military force. 
The bitter aftermath: execution of the leaders; imprison- 
ment of hundreds; establishment of martial law. 

4. The Irish Convention, July, 1917-April, 1918. 

A constituent assembly convened by the British Govern- 
ment. 

Refusal of the Sinn Fein to send delegates. 

Obstructionist policies of the Unionists. 

Report of the Convention, recommending Dominion plan 
of government for Ireland, rejected by the Govern- 
ment. 

5. Attempted application of conscription to Ireland, April, 

1918. 
Opposition of all classes in Ireland : British Government 

compelled to abandon conscription. 
Increased bitterness between England and Ireland. 



REPUBLICANISM IN IRELAND 117 

Appointment of Field Marshal Viscount French as Lord 
Lieutenant. 

6. Growth of the republican movement. 

Overwhelming victory of Sinn Fein in the elections of 
December, 1918. 

7. "The Irish Republic." 

Proclaimed at Dublin, January 21, 1919. 

Structure of the Republic : President de Valera and Dail 
Eireann. 

The Irish Republican Army. 

Attempted representation of Ireland at the Peace Con- 
ference. 

8. Attempted suppression of the Republic. 

Suppression of the Irish Parliament, September, 1919. 
Sinn Fein victories in municipal elections of January, 

1920. 
Arrest of Sinn Fein municipal officials : the case of 

Terence MacSwiney. 
The British Government's Home Rule Bill of 1920. 

0. The Reign of Terror in Ireland. 

Hayes, III, 158-161; 262-263; 310-312; 387; Cross, 
882-850. 

D. The War and attempts at imperial co-operation. 

1. Role of the self-governing colonies in the war. 

2. Tiie Imperial War Conference and the Imperial War 

Cabinet, 1917-1918. 

3. Proposals for a permanent Imperial Cabinet and other 

measures of imperial co-operation, political and 

economic. 

Cross, 891-895; 905-907. 



PAET V. OTHER POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF 
WAR-TIME 



I, The Growth of Political Democracy. 

A. Electoral reform and extension of the suffrage. 

I. Representation of the People Act of 1918 in Great 
Britain. 



Il8 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Redistribution of seats in the interest of proportional 

representation. 
Reform of electoral procedure. 
Radical extension of the franchise, including restricted 

suffrage for women. 

2. The Electoral Reform Bill of 1919 in France. 

3. Plural voting abolished in Belgium, 1919. 

4. Political reform in Rumania : universal suffrage substi- 

tuted for the Prussian three-class system. 

5. Ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Consti- 

tution of the United States, enfranchising women 
(August, 1920). 

6. General recognition of the principle of universal, direct, 

secret suffrage, without distinction because of sex, 
in new republics on the Continent. 

B. The growth of democracy accompanied, however, by the growth 
of political intolerance. 

1. Censorship and espionage laws. 

2. Violation of constitutional guarantees of individual lib- 

erties. 

3. Intolerance of minorities. 

4. Question of the permanence of political intolerance. 

Hayes, III, 403-405; Cross, 880-881. 

II. The Growth of Industrial Democracy. 

A. The program of the British Labor Party during the war and 

after. 

1. Support of the war by British labor and participation in 

the Coalition Government by representatives of the 
British Labor Part)-. 

2. War aims of the British Labor Party. 

3. The Party's program of reconstruction : 'Labor and the 

New Social Order." 

4. Program of the Labor Party in the elections of December, 

1918. 

B. The movement toward industrial democracy in Great Britain. 

1. Trade unionism and the war : influence of the "shop 

stewards." 

2. The Triple Alliance of labor and the growing demand for 



INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY 119 

nationalization of industry. Significant report of 
the Coal Commission of 1920. 

3. The growth of Gild Socialism. 

4. The "Whitley Council'' idea. 

5. The permanent National Industrial Conference. 

C. Italy's interesting experiment in industrial democracy. 

1. The Italian Metal Workers' Federation secures participa- 

tion in the management of their industry. 
The lockout of September, 1920, in Lombardy. 
Seizure of plants by the workers. 
Arbitration by Premier Giolitti results in recognition by 

employers of the right of the workers to a share in 

management. 
The agreement of October, 1920, accepting Premier 

Giolitti's plan. 

2. The Government proposal of 1921 to extend workers' 

participation in control to other industries. 

3. Growth of syndicalism and communism in Italy. 

D. Growth in number and power of labor organizations in other 

continental countries. 

E. The vogue of Marxian Socialism in continental Europe. 

Hayes, III, 21-22; 406-408; Cross, 876-879; 881-882; 
Cheyney, 351-368. 

III. Intellectual Progress. 

A. Great development of experimental science. 

1. Miscellaneous war inventions possible of adaptation to 

peaceful purposes : progress in aeronautics ; in chem- 
istry; wireless telephony, etc. 

2. The great advance of medical science. 

B. Increased interest in the social sciences : history and inter- 

national relations, economics, government, sociology. 

C. The war and educational progress. 

1. General popular appreciation of the national importance of 

education. 

2. Far-reaching British Education Bill of 1918. 

Provisions regarding the employment of children. 
Establishment of continuation schools. 



120 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Provisions regarding medical care, playgrounds, physical 

training, etc. 
Vocational schools and schools for defectives. 
Higher salaries for teachers. 

Hayes, III, 408-410; Cross, 879-880. 

IV. The War and Religion. 

A. Co-operation of creeds, churches, religions in common national 

service. 

B. The political and ecclesiastical position of the Catholic Church 

during the war and after. 
Hayes, III, 410-411. 



Appendix I. 

STUDYING AND NOTE-TAKING. 

How to Study. 

Proper historical study involves, first, visualization ; second, 
memorizing; third, discrimination. The Syllabus is designed to 
guide the student in each of these essential processes. The map 
studies are intended to assist him in forming a mental picture of 
the countries of which he reads in the text ; the relative importance 
of topics and dates is indicated in order that he may concentrate his 
memory upon essentials ; the topical outline is a gTjide in the evalua- 
tion and co-ordination of text material. All study is valueless with- 
out strict mental concentration and discipline. No plan ought to 
be or, indeed, can be devised as a substitute for these fundamentals 
of concentration and discipline ; the suggestions here offered as to 
methods of approach, therefore, should not be considered as designed 
to encourage short-cuts to historical knowledge, but, rather, to 
arouse interest through thoroughness. 

Suppose, for purposes of illustrating our plan of study, that the 
topic for study and discussion is "Agriculture in the sixteenth cen- 
tury" (Book I, sub-topic II, A). The student should first familiarize 
himself thoroughly with the sub-topics in the indicated section of 
the Syllabus. Then he should spread out before him, side by side, 
the text-book and the atlas. As he studies the text-book narrative 
(Hayes, I, pp. 28-36) he should retain in mind the sub-topics of the 
Syllabus as a guide in co-ordinating the details of the text ; also he 
should visualize the physical features of a mediaeval manor as illus- 
trated in the atlas (Shepherd, p. 104, or Muir, diagram xxvi). Next 
he should fill in gaps between Syllabus, text-book, and atlas by 
reading the suggested pages in Cheyney or whatever other collateral 
reading may be decided upon. Notes should then be taken in the 
manner described in the following paragraph.' Finally, to test his 
knowledge, he should close his books, transform the statements of 

^ Should a map study be required with an assignment, it may be prepared 
after the note-book work has been completed. 



122 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

the Syllabus into questions, and endeavor to give himself clear and 
complete answers to the questions asked. As final suggestions, the 
student should keep constantly in mind the following: i. To develop 
an intimate acquaintance with his atlas, which should be a constant 
companion during his hours of historical study. 2. To lay up a 
generous store of historical facts by constant exercise of his mem- 
ory ; dates in the Syllabus, for example, should be memorized. 
3. To be critical in his stud.v, — that is, to not only learn facts, but 
to inquire as to their causal relations ; to not only learn the charac- 
teristics of persons and peoples, but to acquire a sympathetic appre- 
ciation of their motives and their ideals, their strength and their 
weaknesses. . 

The Note Book. 

The purpose of all note-taking should be to insure a habit of logi- 
cal arrangement of facts gained from the printed page. A complete 
note-book, properly compiled, will be of inestimable value in the 
proper appreciation of the study of history and should prove to be 
a source of considerable interest to the conscientious student. In 
summarizing text material the student is expected to condense into 
the fewest words possible the important facts or suggestions, 
arranging them topically according to the Syllabus with sub-topics 
in outline form to show the relation of one to another. For purposes 
of illustrating the method of outlining, the student may turn again 
to the topic "Agriculture in the sixteenth century," and to Hayes I, 
28-36, and notice how the following summary corresponds : 

II. Social and Economic Institutions of the Century. 

A. Agriculture. 

1. Predominance of agriculture over other occupations, etc. 

a. Wealth in land rather than in stocks and bonds. 

b. Towns as yet small and few. 

c. Uniformity of agricultural conditions throughout 

Europe. 

2. Division of the agricultural population into two classes, 

etc. 
a. The proprietors of the land : the landed aristocracy. 
Owed duties to king or fellow-noblemen. 
Supported by peasants living on estates, called 

"manors." 
Wealth and honors. 



STUDYING AND NOTE-TAKING 123 

Reasons for preeminence of the nobility: former 
duties of military protection of peasantry ; now 
continued by inheritance to enjoy financial 
privileges and social prestige. 
b. The workers of the land : the peasantry. 
Serfs. 

Different from slaves, hired men, tenant-farmer"^ 
Free to work for self part time ; no wages ; 

"attached to soil." 
Obligations to lord of the manor : work two or 
three days weekly, "boon days," dues "in 
kind," "heriot," etc. 
Free tenants. 

Increasing numbers. 

Regular dues owed to lord ; usually not obliged 
to work two or three days weekly for him, 
however; free to move away from manor. 
Hired laborers. 

Workers for wages on the lord's land (demesne). 
Metayers (France) ; Stock-and-land lessees (Eng- 
land). 
Farmers "on shares." 

3. Decline of feudalism and serfdom in western Europe. 

a. Serfdom unprofitable to the lord, galling to the serf. 

b. In England, "enclosures" for sheep-raising. 

c. Survival of serfdom in eastern Europe. 

4. The manor and the "three field" system of agriculture. 

a. Persistence after decline of serfdom. 

b. Physical features of the manor: "commons" of 

pasture and woodland ; "strips" in open fields, etc. 

c. Inefiiciency. 

Time wasted in working separated strips. 

Small yield per acre. 

Crude implements. 

Obstacles to eflfective breeding of cattle. 

5. Life in the country, etc. 

a. Dark side : poverty, cold, poor diet, disease, famine, etc. 

b. Bright side : contrast witli present-day tenements and 

factories ; occasional lu.\uries, etc. 

c. Isolation, self-sufficiency, and conservatism. 

B. Commerce and industry before the commercial revolution. 



124 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

This illustration is simply a topical outline of the text-book in 
the order indicated in the Syllabus. If the student does supple- 
mentary reading, he should amplify the outline to include signifi- 
cant facts gained from that source. 

The student may vary this plan according to the dictates of his 
ingenuity. Except under the guidance of an instructor, however, 
the outline form should not be dispensed with or seriously modified. 
Appropriate provision should be made for the inclusion in the note- 
book of salient points of class discussions; for example, left-hand 
pages of the note-book may be specifically reserved for appropriate 
memoranda of the instructor's informal lectures or other classroom 
work. Newspaper articles of special interest and appropriate photo- 
graphs may be incorporated in the note-book if desired. Such 
points of organization and of amplification, however, are left to the 
decision of the individual student and instructor. 

It would be inadvisable indeed to lay down these rules for the 
note-book as ironbound and unchangeable. As a matter of fact, 
the instructor probably will find it desirable to discontinue the for- 
mal exercise of note-taking and the periodical examination of note- 
books if, in his opinion, several weeks of the work have impressed 
upon the student the desirability of keeping a record of the course 
and have trained him in the habit of evaluating and co-ordinating 
his material. In this, as in other respects, the course of study here 
offered is intended to be elastic and suggestive rather than rigid 
and authoritative. 



Appendix II. 

MAP STUDIES. 

The Purpose of Map Studies. 

"Man has been so noisy about the way he has 'conquered Nature,' 
and Nature has been so silent in her persistent influence over men, 
that the geographic factor in the equation of human development 
has been overlooked." ^ 

Although this statement is, in large measure, still true, there has 
been a gradually growing appreciation of the inseparable relation- 
ship of historical facts and geographical facts. The influence of 
natural environment upon man and upon the institutions of man's 
creation is now a subject of a group of the social sciences,— such as 
anthropology, ethnology, sociology. It is no less a fundamental 
factor in the study of history, for "man can no more be scientifically 
studied apart from the ground which he tills, or the lands over 
which he travels, or the sea over which he trades, than the polar 
bear or desert cactus can be understood apart from its habitat." " 
Industry is limited by proximity to fuel or water-power ; agriculture 
thrives where plains and valleys are watered by slow-flowing rivers, 
not where turbulent streams force their way through ravines and 
canyons; the development of ocean-going commerce is dependent 
upon deep-water harbors. The influence of geography upon politi- 
cal history is no less important. Poland was handicapped in the 
age-long struggle for national unity and independence by the absence 
of "natural boundaries." The accident of geographical situation 
made Belgium a martyr to the German invasion of France in 1914; 
the Alps provide at least one explanation why Switzerland did not 
suffer a similar fate. No virtue or vice of the individual Belgian 
or Swiss could alter those fundamental facts and his relationship 
to them. 

The influence of natural environment upon man should not com- 

'E C. Semplc, Influence of Geographic Environment (New York, 1911). 



p. 2. 

= Ibid. 



125 



126 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

pletely overshadow, however, the influence of man upon his natural 
environment. Man has removed mountains by tunneHng through 
them ; he has turned deserts into gardens by irrigation ; he has cut 
continents in two by the construction of canals ; he has harnessed 
the streams to do his will. Time and distance shrink before the 
instruments of man's creation, — the ocean greyhound, the locomotive, 
the airplane. In this struggle against the forces of nature the 
strength and weaknesses of men and of nations are clearly revealed. 
The story of man cannot be told apart from the story of that 
struggle. 

The following studies in geography are designed to assist the 
student in grasping essential facts of modern history by making 
graphic the statements of the printed page, by suggesting interpre- 
tations of the facts there recorded, and by affording a vivid picture 
of the countries of which the history is being studied. The studies 
are so coordinated with the text assignments that conscientious and 
thoughtful preparation of the maps in connection with the suggested 
readings should enable the student to see countries and movements 
grow. If the map work degenerates into mere copying from an 
atlas, it is a waste of time which could be better employed. Intelli- 
gence and imagination invested in the work, however, will bring 
large returns. It is of the utmost importance to realize that in the 
study of history the questions Where? and Why? are as fundamen- 
tal as the questions When? and Who? 

General Directions. 

1. Clearness and neatness are almost essential to accuracy. 
These qualities can be attained only if each map study is carefully 
planned in advance. Planning will involve: (a) previous mastery 
of the relevant text assignment; (b) careful reading of the direc- 
tions for the map study; (c) the selection of a color scheme. For 
coloring, inks of different tints, water-colors, or colored pencils may 
be used ; in using pencils and crayons, all lettering should be done 
and all boundary lines drawn before the color is applied. 

2. If possible, map-work should be done by daylight, as colors 
in the atlas are not readily distinguishable under artificial light. 

3. Blunders in elementary historical knowledge are unpardonable. 
To assure accuracy in his study the student will find it necessary 
to refer constantly to the text and occasionally to other reference 
works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Indexes in the text 
and in the atlases should be utilized habitually. 



MAP STUDIES 127 

4. Because of the reduced scale of the outline maps, the wander- 
ing of a quarter of an inch may mean an actual error of fifty miles 
or more. Such an error is serious, and the more so when one is 
dealing with populous European countries. In the drawing of 
boundaries the McKinley Outline Maps are not to be followed as 
trustworthy guides; usually they represent the boundaries of 1905, 
not of the period with which the map study deals. 

5. Lettering should be done neatly and plainly. Place-names 
italicized in the directions should be located upon the map; when 
a map is small or detailed, places may be indicated by initials or 
numbers, explained in a key sheet. Each map study should be 
accompanied by such a key sheet, in which is given an explanation 
of the color-scheme, definitions of terms, answers to questions, and 
other relevant data. 

In all probability the fourteen map studies outlined below will be 
found more than can be conveniently incorporated in the average 
college course in history. The instructor will have his own ideas 
regarding the relative importance of the different topics of modern 
history ; therefore, a comparatively large number of map studies 
have been suggested, leaving the definite choice to the individual 
instructor or student. It should be pointed out, furthermore, that 
certain of the map studies may be assigned in part only, as a glance 
at Map Study Number Five will indicate. 



Map Study Number One. 

EUROPE IN THE YEAR 1500. 



Text: Hayes I, 3-23. 
Atlas : Muir. Hayes I, 3. 

McKinley Outline Map No. loia. 

This study is the foundation upon which all subsequent map 
studies will have to be constructed. Properly done, it will pro- 
vide the student with a vivid picture of the physical charac- 
teristics of the continent of Europe and of its political divisions 
in the year 1500. Satisfactory progress hardly can be made in 
the subsequent work unless this study has been mastered thor- 
oughly. 

Physical. 

Referring to Muir, plate i, note the physical characteristics of 
Europe. Observe how the land slopes to the north, the whole 
northern part of Europe from the Pyrenees^ to the Ural Moun- 
tains forming one great plain. Locate the Alps, Vosges, Jura, 
Apennines, Carpathian, Caucasus, and Balkan Mountains. (Use 
index in Mmr to locate such of these as are not shown on plate 
I.) Note that the Pyrenees are difficult to cross, and that Spain 
is left in comparative isolation. The Alps, it will be noticed, 
are higher, but they are cut by a number of passes which render 
much less difficult communication between Italy and the Germanics. 
Locate from Muir, plate 21b, three important Alpine passes and 
name them in your key sheet. Indicate on your map the more 
important rivers of Europe. In what direction do the majority of 
these rivers flow? Note in your following study of the political 
divisions of Europe those states which possess "natural boundaries," 
— such as mountains and rivers — and those which do not. 

' In this and in subsequent map studies, all places italicized should be 
indicated on the outline map. Questions should be answered in the key unless 
the answer is clearly shown on your map. 

129 



130 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Political. 

England: Show the political divisions of the British Isles. 
Locate the Pale, Scottish Highlands and Lozvlands. Indicate 
possessions of England outside the British Isles. (Consult 
Hayes I, 3-6; Muir, plates 31, 40a, 42a, 15b.) 

France: Only slowly did France become a unified state. For 
centuries preceding 1500 there had been a constant struggle 
between the king and his turbulent vassals; and although the 
latter had now been brought into nominal subjection to the 
crown, we shall still hear much of their quarrels. Under Louis 
XI (1461-1483) territorial consolidation of the realm had been 
largely achieved. After reading Hayes I, 6-7, and referring to 
Muir, plate 15b, indicate the lands secured by the Angevin 
inheritance and those obtained by the marriage with Anne of 
Brittany. Show the lands secured by Louis upon the death of 
his powerful vassal, Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. What 
other lands were held by powerful vassals of the king, — such 
as the houses of Orleans, Bourbon, and Navarre? 

Iberian Peninsula: Glance at Muir, plate 19, and visualize the 
physical characteristics of the Iberian Peninsula. Does the 
nature of the country suggest any difficulties in the way of a 
united Spanish kingdom, centrally administered? After reading 
Hayes I, 7-9, and referring to Muir, plate i8d, indicate the 
political divisions of the Peninsula. Were the Pyrenees the 
exact boundary between Spain and France in the year 1500? 
Note the position of Navarre and Roussillon. What European 
possessions outside the Iberian Peninsula had the Spanish king- 
doms in the year 1500? Indicate these lands on your map (Muir, 
plate 8). 

The Germanies: (Read Hayes I, 10-14; Muir, plate 8). The 
Germanics in 1500 consisted of a conglomeration of hundreds 
of states, — kingdoms, duchies, principalities, counties, free im- 
perial cities, and ecclesiastical territories — each jealous of its 
freedom. A loose and ineffective union existed under the glori- 
fied title of the Holy Roman Empire; referring to Hayes I, map 
opposite p. 3, indicate on your map the boundary of the Empire. 
As among the chief of the states in the Germanies, indicate 
Bavaria, the Upper and Loxver Palatinate, Saxony, Brandenburg. 
Then there are the extensive possessions of the powerful Habs- 
burg family, which will be considered in greater detail in a 
subsequent map study. For the present it will be sufficient to 



EUROPE IN 1500 131 

locate some of their most important lands: Austria, Styria, 
Carinthia, Caniiola, Tyrol. Important ecclesiastical territories 
are the Archbishoprics of Mains (Mayence), Trier (Treves), 
Koln (Cologne), and Magdeburg. Of the host of city-states, the 
following should be indicated on your map : Augsburg, Ham- 
burg, Liibeck. The independence of the Sunss Cantons from the 
Empire has been practically established. 

The Italian Peninsula: Italy in 1500 is merely a "geographical 
expression." In the north are powerful city states : — Venice, one of 
the strongest states in Europe, securing immense wealth from its 
commerce and controlling DaUnatia, Crete, and some of the Ionian 
and Aigean Islands ; Genoa, the commercial rival of Venice, hold- 
ing sovereignty over Corsica; Milan, temporarily under the con- 
trol of the French king; Florence, the center of a noteworthy liter- 
ary and artistic life. In the northwest will be found the weak, but 
growing, state of Savoy. Running diagonally across the peninsula 
are the Papal States. In the south is the so-called Kingdom of the 
Two Sicilies, composed of Naples and Sicily, the former affording 
a bone of contention between France and Spain. (See Hayes I, 
14-19; Muir, plates 8, 16, 17.) 

Northern and Eastern Europe: Read Hayes I and study Muir, 
plate 8. Locate the states of the Union of Calmar. Note that 
Finland is. still a part of Sweden. On the south and east of the 
Baltic are the lands (Prussia, Kurland Livonia, Esthonia) of the 
Teutonic Knights. The overlord of these Teutonic Knights is the 
king of Poland, who rules over the united territories of Poland 
and Lithuania, one of the largest states in Europe. Has Poland 
any natural boundaries? To the east of this kingdom is the unim- 
portant oriental state of Russia. To the east and north of the 
Habsburg territories are Hungary and its dependencies : Bohemia, 
Moravia, and Silesia. 

Southern and Southeastern Europe: The threatening advance 
of the Ottoman Turks is the dominating fact in southern Europe. 
After the capture of Constantinople in 1453, the Turks rapidly over- 
ran the whole Balkan peninsula, including Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, 
and IVallachia. Note (Muir, plate i) how easily the Turks, con- 
trolling the highlands of the Balkans, can sweep down upon the 
Hungarian plain and threaten even Vienna. Under the greatest 
of the Ottoman rulers, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566), the 
Turks will extend their dominions northward over this Hungarian 
plain. (In addition to the maps cited above, examine Muir, plate 
25b.) 



132 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Map Study Number Two. 

THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION. 



Text: Hayes I, 27-28, 43-62. Day, 79-101. 

Atlas: Muir, pp. 50-51; plates 46-49, 59-60. D. R. Fox, Harper's 
Atlas of American History, plates i, 3-5. D. S. Muzzey, 

American History, p. 10. 
McKinley Outline Map No. looa. 

It is the purpose of this study to illustrate that mighty expansive 
movement which broadened European history into world history, 
extending the influence of European civilization over all other 
continents and reacting powerfully to modify the economic life 
as well as the political ambitions of the European nations. 

A. There is no better way to grasp the significance of the Com- 
mercial Revolution than comparing the "known world" before the 
great explorations of the fifteenth century with the world as we 
know it today. After consulting Hayes I, 27, 50, and Muzzey, 10, 
draw a red line encircling the portion of the earth's surface known 
to Europeans about the year 1400. Note by reference to Muir, 
plates 46-48, and Fox, 4, how slowly knowledge of world geography 
grew, even after the explorations of the Portuguese and Spanish. 

B. Trade before the Commercial Revolution: The principal 
economic cause of the Commercial Revolution was the desire of 
the nations of Western Europe to share in the trade of the Orient 
by finding new routes to the land of spices, silks, and gold. These 
luxuries, introduced to the nobility of northern and western Europe 
by the Crusaders, had now come to be considered necessities. Read 
Hayes I, 44-45, and then indicate on the map the chief localities 
in which the commodities of Eastern trade were produced. A glance 
at Muir, 59-60, will show how medieval trade between Eastern Asia 
and Europe had to find its way through the few gaps in a great 
barrier-belt of deserts and mountain ranges. Indicate on your map 
a few of these physical obstacles to trade, such as the Syrian Desert, 
the barren tableland of Arabia, the Hindu-Kush Mountains. 
Observe how skilfully the medieval merchants, traveling the "old 
trade routes," avoided natural obstacles such as high mountain 
ranges and broad deserts. Consult Hayes I, 46-47. and map p. 49, 



THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 133 

Muir, plates 59-60, Fox, i ; then trace by means of dotted lines (i) 
the route by which a packet of jewels would probably have been 
transported from India to England, in the fifteenth century, via 
the "central route" ; (2) the route of a cargo of spices from the 
Moluccas to Stockholm via the "southern route" ; (3) the route of 
a bale of silk from China to Novgorod. The interested student may 
compare the medieval trade routes with twentieth-century railway 
and steamship lines (Shepherd, 179-182).* 

Note how the fortunate geographical situation of the Italian 
cities served to make them the hub of the trade with the East. 
Locate on your map four of the leading Italian commercial cities. 
Study the maps in Day, pp. 94, 106, 108, 114, to form an estimate 
of the importance of the German city-states and of certain cities 
of the Netherlands in medieval commerce. Locate on your map the 
cities mentioned in Hayes I, 49, and any trading centers of France 
and the Netherlands which you consider important. An explanation 
frequently advanced for the decline of these older towns after the 
Commercial Revolution is that their commerce with the Orient was 
strangled by Turkish occupation of the old trade-routes. Indicate 
the dates at which the old central and southern routes fell into the 
hands of the Ottoman Turks (Hayes I, 52-53) and compare with 
the dates of the successful explorations of the Portuguese. Does 
the result indicate that the Turkish conquests caused the Commer- 
cial Revolution? Do you think they accelerated it? (Consult also 
Fox, 2.) 

C Exploration and Colonization: From the year 1415, when 
an army of Portuguese crusaders (among whom was numbered the 
youthful Prince Henry the Navigator) conquered the Mohammedan 
stronghold of Ceuta in northern Morocco, expedition after expe- 
dition was sent out from Portugal to explore the seemingly inter- 
minable western coast of Africa. To mark the painfully slow 
progress of Portuguese exploration, indicate on your map Madeira 
(1419), Cape Bojador (1434), Cape Blanco (1440), Cccpe Verde 
(1445). (Consult, in addition to references already given. Fox, 4.) 
Trace the voyage of Vasco da Gama which finally crowned Portu- 
guese perseverance with success. Aleanwhile, Columbus, under the 
patronage of Queen Isabella, was striking out in exactly the opposite 
direction, hoping to reach the Indies by sailing westward. What 
Columbus hoped to accomplish and what he actually did accomplish 

' Professor Shepherd's Historical Atlas, the best work of its kind, un- 
fortunately is out of print; therefore, fewer references are here made to it 
than would be the case were it more generally available. 



134 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

are indicated in Muzzey, 6, and Fox, 3 ; fix the voyages of Colum- 
bus clearly in your mind, but do not indicate them on your map. 
Note from Muir, plate 49b, that English and French explorers were 
seeking a "northwest passage" to the East. 

Indicate on your map the important colonies of the European 
powers in the first quarter of the sixteenth century (consult Muir, 
plate 47, and Fox, 5). Were the Spanish colonies destined to be of 
assistance in the building up of trade with the Indies? What was 
to be their greatest importance? 



Map Study Number Three 

GROWTH OF THE HABSBURG POSSESSIONS, 1500-1558. 

Text: Hayes I, 13, 74-106; Muir, pp. 9-10. 

Atlas: Muir, plates 8, 15b, 25a; Shepherd, 118-119; Hayes I, 

map p. 3. 
McKinley Outline I\Iap No. iiia. 

A. Rise of the House of Habsburg: By far the most power- 
ful House in the Germanics in the sixteenth century was the Habs- 
burg family. From small beginnings in the thirteenth century, 
their domain had grown to be the most important in Europe. In 
1273 Rudolph, head of the Habsburg family, was elected ruler of 
the Empire as King of the Romans ; by 1500 the title of Emperor 
had become practically hereditary in the family. Within a few 
generations after this Rudolph, the Ilabsburgs had secured Austria, 
Carinthia, Styria, Carniola, Tyrol (see Map Study No. i) and small 
portions in the Brcisgau and in Alsace. Just at the end of the fif- 
teenth century their territories were greatly increased by the mar- 
riage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles 
the Bold. During the sixteenth century the territory of the Habs- 
burgs is still further augmented, and the family is destined to play 
the leading r(Me in international, as well as in German politics. 

B. The Empire of Charles V: Read very carefully Hayes I, 



THE HABSBURG POSSESSIONS 135 

75-76, and Muir, pp. 9-10, in order to fix clearly in your mind the 
general development of the Habsburg empire. Now indicate on 
your map the lands inherited by Charles of Habsburg on the death 
of his father Philip, and of his grandfathers Maximilian of Austria 
and Ferdinand of Aragon. Mark off clearly the lands acquired 
by the Burgundian inheritance, and differentiate between the 
respective lands of the Spanish and Austrian legacies. (Consult 
Muir, references cited above.) Next show the lands acquired by 
the Habsburgs through the marriage of Ferdinand with Anne of 
Hungary. Over how much of Hungary did they make their claims 
effective ? 

Glance over your map and notice how scattered are these Habs- 
burg territories. This makes graphic one of the great difficulties 
of the young Emperor, — the problem of administration over such 
a vast and diverse realm. This problem is the more complicated 
because each remote possession differed from the others in race, 
language, law, and custom. Name on your key sheet the various 
languages spoken by the subjects of Charles. It should be remem- 
bered, however, that these differences in race and language, — 
although they constituted practical difficulties in administration — 
were not serious obstacles in the maintenance of loyalty and obedi- 
ence ; the spirit of nationalism, so menacing a foe to the House of 
Habsburg in the nineteenth century, had not yet become of impor- 
tance. Note, also, how the lands of Charles enclose the French 
kingdom ; this fact will give point to many of the international 
enmities of the century. 

C. The division of the Habsburg inheritance: After reading 
Hayes I, 87, show by shading or cross-hatching how Charles divided 
his territories in 1556. 

Show European lands added to the Habsburg realm by Philip II 
(Hayes I, 91). This marks the apogee of Spanish Habsburg 
power. What lands were practically lost during Philip's reign? 
It should be remembered that his gains and losses involved not 
only European lands but important colonial possessions as well. 



136 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Map Study Number Four. 

THE GROWTH OF FRANCE, 1500-1715. 



Text: Hayes I, 209-218, 235-256; Muir, pp. 18-21. 
Atlas: Muir, plates i, 15; Hayes I, map p. 249. 
McKinley Outline Map No. 124a. 

The student should imagine himself in the place of the successive 
monarchs of France as they gradually created a well-rounded state; 
it will be advisable, therefore, to construct the map in chronological 
order. Select colors so that the earlier acquisitions will appear in 
darker, and the later acquisitions in lighter, tints. 

We already have seen (Map Study Number One) that by the 
year 1500 the French kings had succeeded fairly well in consoli- 
dating their realm. Just at the close of the fifteenth century began 
a struggle with the Ilabsburgs which was to last for many genera- 
tions, and for almost a hundred years the Valois kings of France 
were forced to fight hard to maintain intact their position and 
territories. The duchy of Milan, which the French held in 1500, 
changed hands several times only to be lost finally by the middle 
of the sixteenth century. A few gains the Valois dynasty did make : 
Calais, in 1559, was won at the expense of England; the important 
bishoprics of Met::, Totil, and Verdun were wrested from the Holy 
Roman Empire, although their French ownership was not recog- 
nized by the Emperor until almost a century later. 

With the accession of the Bourbon family in the person of Henry 
of Navarre, France, urged on by the need of defensible frontiers 
and tempted by the weak condition of her neighbors, started on a 
career of aggression which was to raise her to the position of first 
state in Europe. In embarking upon the policy of "natural limits," 
Henry IV succeeded in forcing Savoy in 1601 to cede certain terri- 
tories (including Bresse and Bugey) on the right bank of the Rhone 
in return for the marquisate of Saluzzo ; by this exchange of terri- 
tory France obtained an important "natural" and strategic fron- 
tier. In 1607 Ilcnry declared the hereditary lands over which he 
ruled as king of Navarre to be united with France. These included 
Naiarre and Beam (although they were not finally incorporated 
until 1620), the counties of Foix and Armagnac, and the duchy of 



THE GROWTH OF FRANCE 137 

Albret. (Consult for this section of the Study, Muir, plates 15b, 
15c, I5d, and 17c.) 

The extension of French frontiers eastward was notably advanced 
by the participation of France in the Thirty Years' War. After 
reading Hayes I, 228, and consulting Muir, plate 15c, show the 
territories secured by France under the terms of the Peace of 
Westphalia; note that certain of these were new acquisitions and 
others were earlier conquests the possession of which was now 
confirmed. Did these newly acquired territories serve to provide 
France with further ''natural boundaries"? By the Peace of the 
Pyrenees, the southern border of France was carried to the crest 
of the Pyrenees ; indicate the territories thus acquired. 

Throughout the remainder of the seventeenth century, France, 
under her "Grand Monarch," Louis XIV, is to extend her frontiers 
to the north and east. After a careful reading of Hayes I, 242, 
249, and a study of Muir, plate 15c, and Hayes I, map p. 249, show 
on your map the French gains secured by the various settlements 
from the peace of the Pyrenees to the peace of Ryswick (1697), 
indicating in your key sheet the treaties and the parties involved 
in each exchange of territory. Who are the chief losers through 
French aggrandizement? Observe the close connection of this 
study with the present-day question of Alsace-Lorraine. Note, too, 
England's interest in the maintenance of the integrity of the Neth- 
erlands, — an interest which becomes traditional in English foreign 
policy and is to provide the occasion for the entrance of Great 
Britain into the Great War of 1914-1918. 

In his last great international conflict, the War of the Spanish 
Succession, Louis XIV was hard pressed to defend the frontiers 
which he already had acquired. The peace of Utrecht, however, 
is significant, for it meant : i. That the fortunes of the two 
Bourbon powers, France and Spain, were to be closely linked for 
a century to come ; 2. That France was to have a new and more 
powerful neighbor on the northeast by Austrian acquisition of the 
Netherlands ; 3. That France, although she had fallen short of her 
desire for "natural boundaries," had emerged from two centuries 
of war with augmented territories and increased prestige. 

Wliile the French Bourbons were thus dearly purchasing a 
comparatively few square miles of the continent of Europe, they 
underestimated the fundamental importance of sea-power and over- 
looked opportunities for colonial and commercial aggrandizement. 
As we shall see, the mistake of France was the opportunity of Great 
Britain. 



138 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 



Map Study Number Five. 

THE COLONIAL CONFLICTS OF FRANCE AND 
ENGLAND, 1688-1763. 



Text: Hayes I, 299-319; Fox, Harper's Atlas of American His- 
tory, 1 19-123, 134-139- 
Atlas: Hayes I, 301, 317; Muir, plates 46-50, 53, 60-61 ; Fox, 5, 12, 

13, 14. 16. 
McKinley Outline IVlap No. 148a. 

A. The Europeanization of the World: One of the great 
results of the explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 
was the establishment of European empires throughout the world 
and the spread of European civilization to the four corners of the 
earth. The beginnings of that great expansive movement were 
considered in Map Study Number Two; it is the purpose of this 
Study to develop the theme through the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries. A thoughtful examination of Muir, plates 46-50, will 
show how quickly the European nations took advantage of the 
spread of geographical knowledge following the Commercial Revo- 
lution to plant their flags on continents unknown to them in 1400. 

It will be noticed that the sixteenth century is a period of com- 
plete ascendancy of the Spanish and Portuguese in colonial affairs, — 
the Spanish endeavors being largely confined to Central America 
and the Portuguese to the East. The consolidation of the Spanish 
and Portuguese empires under Philip II (Hayes I, 91) is the high- 
water mark of Spanish colonial power. Note from Muir, plate 48, 
and from Hayes I, 58-59, how the Dutch, in the first half of the 
seventeenth centurj^ successfully challenged Spanish ascendancy 
and carved out for themselves a colonial empire of no mean pro- 
portions. They carried their flag and their commerce to such 
widely separated points as the Spice Islands, the Malay Archipelago, 
Australia, Ceylon, India, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and New 
Netherlands. During this period of Dutch ascendancy the French 
and English tardily enter the field of colonial rivalries, — the French 
by establishing settlements along the St. Lawrence River and by 
beginning the exploration of the interior of North America ; the 
English by the foundation of Virginia and New England and by 



ANGLO-FRENCH COLONIAL CONFLICTS 139 

the opening up of trade with India. Note, also, from Muir, plate 48, 
how geographical knowledge has increased throughout the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries ; compare Drake's route in circumnavi- 
gating the globe with the earlier voyage of Alagcllan. 

The latter part of the seventeenth and the beginning of the 
eighteenth century witness the systematic development of trade, 
exploration, and colonization by England and France in both the 
East and the West. This colonial activity is to lead to a world 
conflict between France and England for final ascendancy. In the 
meantime, the colonial empires of Spain, Portugal, and the Nether- 
lands are either quiescent or on the decline. To make sure that 
you have clearly in mind the relative position of England and France 
in 1688, read Hayes I, 299-304 (with constant reference to appro- 
priate plates in Muir) ; then in your key give a concise summary, — 
preferably in outline form — of the possessions of these rival powers 
in North America, in the West Indies, in India. What was to be 
the position of Spain and of the Netherlands in the coming struggle? 
(See Hayes I, 307-309, 3ii, 3i5). 

B. The colonial wars in America: Without constructing a 
map of the colonial struggle in America, read Fox, Map Study 
entitled "Latin or Saxon? The Hundred Years' War," pp. I34-I39, 
and refer to the plates there cited. What was the political and 
strategic importance of the Ohio Valley? Referring to Hayes I, 
317-319, and Fox, 16, note on your key sheet the territorial changes 
in America registered by the peace of 1763. What American pos- 
sessions were retained by France? What vestiges of French civiliza- 
tion still remain in North America? 

C. Anglo-French rivalry in India: The conflict between France 
and England was decisive in at least one respect: henceforth India, 
an empire in itself, was to be English, — it might almost be said, 
the keystone of British imperialism. That a land the size and 
population of India should so easily fall prey to foreign domination 
is in itself a reason for query. After reading Hayes I, 302-303, 
and referring to Muir, plate 59, what reasons can you assign for 
the success of the English in controlling India? To gain some 
idea of the size of India, compare the distance between Calcutta 
and Bombay with that between London and Liverpool; between 
New York and Chicago ; between Paris and Vienna. Why is it that 
India has not been made a field for colonization and conquest, as 
well as trade and tribute? 

Indicate on the outline map the English and French trading posts 
established in the seventeenth century (Hayes I, 303-304) giving 



140 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

the date in each instance. Locate the lands of the Mogul Emperor 
at Delhi. His vassals and viceroys, by the eighteenth century 
practically independent princes, rule over such important territories 
as Oudh, Bengal, Deccan (capital at Hyderabad) and the Carnatic. 
Dupleix, the masterful French governor-general, extended French 
influence in the Carnatic from Pondiclterry and consolidated the 
French position on the Coromandcl Coast; he brought the Northern 
Circars under French control ; he entered into tlie political intrigues 
of the native Indian rulers, in many cases enthroning puppets of 
his own, and in general increasing the prestige and power of France. 
To Robert Clive must be ascribed the credit of wrecking the 
grandiose schemes of Dupleix. Follow Clive's exploits on the map : 
his bold seizure and gallant defence of Arcot (1751) ; his recapture 
of Calcutta (1757) ; his conquest of Chandrruaf/nre (1757) ; his 
amazing victory of Plassey (1757). (Consult Hayes I, map p. 316; 
Muir, plate 6ia.) 

Although by the treaty of Paris (1763) France retained five 
unfortified posts in India, French political power in India was 
permanently destroyed. The British, however, pursued their imperial 
policy by intrigues with native princes and by the exercise of 
military 'force. Referring to Muir, plate 6ia, and to Hayes I, 
map p. 316, indicate the extent of the British dominion and control 
at the end of the eighteenth century. Note from Muir, plate 6ib, 
but do not indicate on your map, how British territory was still 
further increased by 1805, 



Map Study Number Six. 

THE GROWTH OF BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA, 1415-1785. 

Text : Hayes I, 347-362 ; Muir, p. 29. 

Atlas : Muir, plate 24a ; Hayes I, map p. 351, map p. 387 ; Shepherd, 

122-123, 125. 
McKinley Outline Map No. 125a. 

Of the utmost importance in the history of modern Europe is 
the growth of Brandenburg- Prussia, under the rule of the House 



THE GROWTH OF PRUSSIA 141 

of Hohenzollern. A small, weak, unproductive state when the 
Hohenzollern prince, Frederick, secured it in 1415 at the hands of 
the Emperor Sigismund, it grew in territory, wealth, power, and 
prestige until, by the end of the eighteenth century, it had become 
a state of the first rank in Europe. In the nineteenth century it 
was destined to be of still greater importance: round it was to be 
knit together a united and powerful German Empire. The story of 
its growth is more simple .than that of Habsburg Austria, for it is 
a story of steady acquisition ; the Hohenzollerns rarely relinquished 
territory once secured. Their story is one of power and triumph, 
occasionally interrupted but always resumed, until the Great War 
and a republican revolution forced their abdication and flight in 
1918. 

After reading Hayes I, 347-352, show the growth of the Hohen- 
zollern lands from 1415 to the accession of Frederick II (1740). 
Indicate first, in solid color, the Mark of Brandenburg in the year 
1415 (Shepherd, 85, or Muir, plate 24a). Then show the territories 
acquired from 1415 to 1608, without reference to the manner of 
acquisition. Next indicate additions made from 1608 to the acces- 
sion of the Great Elector (1640). Observe how scattered the 
Hohenzollern territories are. To visit his Rhenish or Prussian 
possessions the El^ector must cross neighboring and sometimes 
hostile lands. The one great aim of the rulers of Brandenburg- 
Prussia was to unite these scattered territories by securing the 
intervening lands. Trace now the additions made to the territory 
of Brandenburg under the various rulers from the Great Elector 
to the accession of Frederick II a century later, showing in your 
key when, from whom, and how each acquisition was made. (In 
this connection Muir, 24a, is inaccurate; a glance at Shepherd, 
122-123, 125, will show that a strip of territory on the east bank of 
the Oder was not obtained until the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 
1679, a counterpart of the treaty of Nijmwegen.) 

Show what accessions were made to Prussia as a result of the 
conflict between Frederick It (the Great) and Maria Theresa of 
Austria (read Hayes I, 354-362). What further extensions of 
territory were made during his reign? Show also what Prussia 
secured by the second and third partitions of Poland. (Consult 
Muir, plate 24a; Hayes I, map p. 351, map p. 387.) 

Note that the territories of Prussia are now joined on the" east. 
The Rhenish provinces are still detached, although several impor- 
tant connecting links have been forged; these western provinces 
will not be consolidated until almost a century later. Observe also 



142 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

that Prussia, long proud of her position as a purely German state 
in contrast with polyglot Austria, has acquired a considerable Slavic 
population through the partitions of Poland. 



Map Study Number Seven. 

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE 
ERA OF NAPOLEON. 



Text: Hayes I, 449-519, 523-5/6; Robertson, p. 9; Muir, pp. 12-15. 
Atlas: Robertson, plates 7-14; Shepherd, 134-135. 146-148, 150-157; 
Muir, plates 11, 12, 23d, 24b; Hayes I, maps pp. 479, 543, 559. 
AIcKinley Outline Map No. ma. 

A. The Old Regime: Draw in green the boundaries of France 
as they existed prior to the French Revolution (Robertson, plate 
7). Note the acquisition of Lorraine in 1766 and of Corsica in 
1768. Note that Alsace and Lorraine are still within the Holy 
Roman Empire (Hayes I, map p. 440) and subject to a network 
of imperial feudal rights and jurisdictions. This is only one example 
of confusing and overlapping divisions of administration in I'rance. 
The first five maps in Shepherd, 146-148, are a graphic indictment 
of the old regime. Observe the administrative division of France 
into governments, judicial areas, and fiscal districts. Do these 
correspond even approximately in size and location? How order 
was brought out of this muddle by the Revolution will appear from 
Hayes I, 482-483, and the lower map in Shepherd, 148. Did the 
ecclesiastical divisions correspond to the administrative? (Shep- 
herd, upper map 148.) Small wonder, then, that the philosophical 
reformers of the eighteenth century, seeking to reduce all human 
institutions to the rule of reason, should have condemned the old 
regime ! 

B. The Revolution: Indicating the italicized places on the map 
(using numbers or initials explained in the key), review the 
progress of the French Revolution : — the assembling of the Estates 



THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 143 

General at Versailles; the removal of the royal family and the 
Assembly to Paris in October, 1789; the attack upon the Church 
and the annexation of Avignon; the assembling of the emigres at 
Coblenz; the fall of Verdun; the check at Valmy; the proclama- 
tion of the Republic; the anti-Jacobin risings in Vendee, Gironde, 
Lyons, Marseilles, etc. (In this section the student will find it 
advantageous to make liberal use of the indexes in Muir and 
Shepherd.) 

The French Republic entered upon a career of military aggran- 
dizement before the advent of Napoleon. This aggressiveness will 
help to explain the abhorrence with which conservatives after 181 5 
will regard all liberal or revolutionary movements. Color solidly 
green the lands annexed before Napoleon made himself master of 
France by the coup d'etat of 1799 (Hayes I, map p. 479, map p. 559). 
Outline in yellow the dependent republics with which republican 
France surrounded herself (Hayes I, 516; Shepherd, 151). 

C. The Empire of Napoleon: Napoleon continued the work 
of conquest, but created dependent monarchies instead of republics. 
The Ligurian Republic was annexed outright (1805) ; color it 
green. Outline in green the kingdoms of Italy (1805), Naples 
(1806), Holland (1806), Westphalia (1807), and Spain (1808), the 
grand-duchy of Berg, and the Grand'-Duchy of JVarsazv, — all under 
the effectual control of Napoleon. Now color in solid green the 
territory from the Rhine to Liibeck, annexed in 1810; the reason 
for this annexation will be clear if, remembering the Continental 
System, you place your pencil on Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Bremen, 
Hamburg, Liibeck. Italy, too, must be constrained to exclude 
British commerce ; hence the annexation of certain of the Italian 
lands and of the Illyrian Provinces, all of which likewise should 
be colored green (see Robertson, plate 8). As more or less willing 
allies of Napoleon, enforcing the Continental System with varying 
degrees of vigor, Austria-Hungary (1809), Stwden (1810-1812), 
Prussia (1807), and Denmark may be outlined in blue. How much 
of the commercial coast of Europe now remains outside Napoleon's 
system? Portugal, backed by Great Britain, still defied the Emperor's 
will ; color both red. Also Sicily. Russia, an ally in 1807, soon grew 
diffident and finally refused to enforce Napoleon's commercial 
decrees ; outline Russia in red. The map now explains the 
underlying reason for the two wars which did most to 
undermine Napoleon's position, — the Peninsular War and the 
invasion of Russia. Indicate the latter by a dotted line. (See 
Muir, plate 11.) 



144 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

D. Consolidation in Germany: In order to realize the com- 
plexit}' of "Germany" before the Napoleonic changes, turn to 
Robertson, plate ii, and attempt to count the states of the Holy 
Roman Empire in 1789. In 1806 Napoleon remade the map of 
Germany through the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. 
Outline in green the Confederation as in 1812 (Robertson, plate 12; 
Hayes I, map p. 559; also Muir, p. 16), and note in your key 
the two important German states excluded from the Confederation. 
In thus remaking the map of Europe, Napoleon despoiled Prussia 
and Austria of much valuable territory. Indicate in your key some 
of the lands thus lost temporarily by those two states. 

Although the Congress of Vienna was destined to restore Europe 
to its "legitimate" rulers, it will be evident from Map Study 
Number Eight that much of Napoleon's work will be permanent. 
This is particularly true of tlic Germanics, in which hundreds of 
petty principalities were destined to remain absorbed by a com- 
paratively few larger states. But the Empire of Napoleon had an 
even greater permanent significance : it meant that the principles 
of the Revolution had been given practical application in many 
of the countries which were conquered by or allied with France. 
In this connection read once more Hayes I, 573-575. 



Map Study Number Ei^^ht. 

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE BY THE 
CONGRESS OF VIENNA. 



Text: Hayes II, 5-14; Muir, p. 15. 

Atlas: Robertson, plates 13-17, 20-21; Muir, plates 12, 23d, 24b, 

25a, 27; Hayes II, map p. i. 
McKinley Outline Map No. loia (or Nos. 112a and 82a). 

Refer back to Map Study Number Seven and tg Hayes I, 558- 
566, and fix definitely in mind the political situation in Europe 
in 1813. 



RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE, 1815 145 

A. Territorial adjustments in the interest of "legitimacy" and 
"compensations": Draw the boundaries, as they existed in 1813, 
of the leading Continental allies leagued against Napoleon in the 
struggle of 1813-1814. After reading the text assignment, show 
the territories secured by each of these states by the settlement of 
Vienna. (It will be recalled that Russia already had acquired 
Finland and Bessarabia.) Point out in your key the most notable 
examples of "compensations." What had become of Napoleon's 
vassal states, such as, for example, the Grand-Duchy of Warsaw? 

B. The Germanic Confederation: On the ruins of Napoleon's 
Confederation of the Rhine the Congress of Vienna constructed a 
Germanic Confederation, "a ghost of the old Holy Roman Empire." 
Draw the boundaries of the new Confederation. Note the consoli- 
dation and strengthening of the south German states ; the read- 
justment of the western frontier, notably by large Prussian annex- 
ations of Rhenish territory; the protection which this extension 
of the frontier offers against French invasion of the Germanics ; the 
reappearance of Hanover; the weakening of Saxony. Show on your 
map tliree or four free cities. Indicate territories within the Con- 
federation but held by the kings of Denmark and the Netherlands. 
Show also Prussian and Austrian lands outside the Confederation. 
Locate on your map the free city of Frankfort, meeting place of the 
Diet of the Confederation. 

C. Violations of the principle of nationality: In tlieir enthusi- 
asm for "legitimacy" and "compensations," the eminent statesmen 
at Vienna ignored the principle of nationalism. This fatal mistake 
was responsible for most of the wars of the nineteenth century, — 
it meant that, in spite of all Metternich might attempt for the 
maintenance of the status quo, the settlement of Vienna would not 
last. After reading Hayes II, 9-10, and Muir, p. 15, make clear on 
your map and explain in your key the important instances in which 
the Congress violated the principle of nationality. 



146 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Map Study Number Nine. 

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 

Text: Hayes II, 65-97; Cheyney, Chapter VIII; H. de B. Gib- 
bins, Industry in England (New York, 1916), Chapters XX- 
XXV, may be consulted for special points. 

Atlas: Muir, plates 30, 44a-b, and page 47', Gibbins, maps pp. 35° 
and 454; Hayes II, maps pp. 215 and 277. 

Two McKinley Outline Maps No. 121a. 

How the Industrial Revolution remade European society can be 
strikingly illustrated by comparing the England of, say, 1700, with 
the England of the nineteenth century, — when machinery and 
power had largely displaced hand labor, and the domestic system 
of manufacture had given way to the factory. 

From Muir, plate 44b, indicate on your map in black oblique 
lines the chief coal-fields of England and Vv'alcs at the present 
time. With Gibbins, map p. 454, as a guide, show by red oblique 
lines the chief manufacturing districts of modern England; from 
Muir, 44b, make a mental note of the principal articles there manu- 
factured. (These black and red oblique lines should be drawn as 
light as is consistent with clearness; if they are heavy, the colored 
portions of the map will become a blotch.) Tint lightly in 
green or yellow the districts most densely populated in present- 
day England. Observe to what extent the area of dense population 
corresponds with the area of manufacturing and mining. How 
can you account for the phenomenal growth of London and the 
district surrounding it? 

The contrast between your map and one of England before the 
Industrial Revolution is striking. Compare your work with 
Gibbins, map p. 350, and Muir, plate 44a. On your key sheet 
enumerate the counties most densely populated before the Indus- 
trial Revolution ; draw a red line through the names of those which 
no longer rank in the forefront ; on the other hand, enumerate four 
counties which now are among the most densely populated, but 
which in 1750 were not. To explain this spectacular shift in popu- 
lation, observe that many of the declining counties were handi- 
capped by lack of coal-fields or other industrial advantages. 
Referring to the physical map, Muir, plate 30, note how the rising 



THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 147 

counties possessed swift streams to furnish power for mills and 
mines. 

It now remains to make graphic the eflfect of the Industrial 
Revolution upon British politics. On a second Outline Map No. 
i2ia locate the following towns which were enfranchised in 1832: 
Leeds, Sheffield (where Sir Henry Bessemer proved the practical 
value of his method for the manufacture of steel), Manchester 
(center of the reform agitation up to 1832 and later of the Cobden- 
Bright free-trade movement), Liverpool (birthplace of William 
Ewart Gladstone), Birmingham (where Watt and Boulton manu- 
factured steam engines), Blackburn (in the vicinity of which lived 
Hargreaves), Bury (home of John Kay, another of the inventors), 
Rochdale (in which was located the cotton mill of John Bright's 
father), Sunderland (famous for its coal exports as early as the 
reign of Henry VII). In each case, either on your map or in your 
key, indicate the branch of industry for which the town is famous; 
in some cases this information may be obtained from Muir, plate 
44b, but in others it will be advisable to refer to articles on these 
towns in the Encyclopedia Britannica. Can you discover any corre- 
lation between these enfranchised towns and the shaded districts 
in your first map? Explain in your key. 

Supplement to Map Study Number Nine. 

A. The British Cotton Industry. The cotton industry was one 
of the first trades affected by the Industrial Revolution and may 
well be taken as an index. On a sheet of cross-section paper plot 
the growth of Great Britain's cotton industry, using the short way 
of the paper (each sm.all space denoting five years) for the years, 
and the long way for the raw cotton imports (i small space repre- 
senting 30 millions of pounds). The following table from Mulhall's 
Dictionary of Statistics (p. 158) will give you the necessary data: 

BRITISH IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON. 

Year Million Pounds 
1720 2 

1785 II 

1800 52 

1814 95 

1820 119 

1830 245 

1840 452 



148 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Year Million Pounds 

1850 588 

i860 1,140 

1870 1,101 

1880 1,404 

At the proper places, chronologically, indicate on your graph- 
sheet the principal inventions which might have affected the cotton 
industry. Does the graph show a sudden rise after each invention? 
On the same sheet it may be worth while to show the increase of 
power-looms in the British cotton trade, using the following table: 

Year Looms 

1813 2.400 

1820 14,000 

1829 55,500 

1833 100,000 

1870 440,000 

B. The Germein Cotton Industry. 

-WXRAGE ANNUAL IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON 

Years Metric Tons 

1836-1840 9,000 

1856-1860 46,000 

1876-1880 124,000 

1886-1890 201 ,000 

1899-1903 324,000 

Compare with graph A. Was the Industrial Revolution in Ger- 
many synchronous with that in Great Britain? 

C. The Russian Cotton Industry, To show the tardy develop- 
ment of modern industry in Russia, plot the graph of Russian 
imports of raw cotton, using the same scale as in A and B. Com- 
pare with Germany and Great Britain. 

AVERAGE ANNUAL IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON. 

y^ears Tons 

1824-1826 900 

1836-1838 4,600 

1842-1844 8,400 

1848-1850 21,400 

1889-1891 1 17,400 

1899-1903 180,000 



THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 



149 



D. The Iron Industry. To show how the Industrial Revolu- 
tion affected the iron industry, plot the growth of the British out- 
put of pig-iron. For purposes of comparison the interested student 
may also indicate (preferably in ink or pencil of another color) 
the growth of the French, German, American, and World output. 

ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF PIG-IRON, 
IN THOUSAND TONS. 



Date 
1500. 
1700. 
1740. 
1750. 
1790. 
1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 
i860. 
1870. 



Great 




United 




Total 


Britain 


France 


States 


Germany 


World 


6 


12 




5 


60 


12 


22 




10 


104 


20 


26 


I 


18 


157 


->-> 










m 


40 


30 


30 


278 


190 


60 


40 


40 


460 


250 


85 


55 


45 


616 


400 


140 


no 


90 


1,010 


680 


220 


165 


120 


1,585 


1,400 


350 


290 


170 


2,680 


2,250 


570 


560 


400 


4,442 


3,830 


900 


820 


530 


7,180 


5,960 


1,180 


1,670 


1,370 


11,910 


7,750 


1,730 


3,840 


2,700 


18,140 


7,900 




9,200 


4,580 


27,160 


8,960 




13,790 


8.390 


38,970 



1880 7,750 

1890 7,900 

1900 

(From Mulhall, Dictionary of Statistics, p. 332, and Euc. Brit. 
vol. XIV, p. 834.) 



Similar graphs may be constructed to illustrate the relationship 
between the Industrial Revolution and the development of interna- 
tional commerce, the growth of population in the various European 
countries, and other relevant phenomena. For such purposes the 
interested student or instructor will find statistical material available 
in Mulhall, Dictionary of Statistics; Webb, New Dictionary of Sta- 
tistics; the EncyclopcBdia Britanmca. 



ISO AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Map Study Number Ten. 

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY, 1848-1871. 



Text: Hayes II, 163-175. 

Atlas: Muir, plate i8b; Robertson, plates 16-17; Hayes II, maps 

pp. 165 and 427. 
AIcKinlcy Outline Map No. 132a. 

Recall the reorganization of the Italian peninsula accomplished by 
Napoleon (see Map Study Number Seven) and the virtual undoing 
of his work by the Congress of Vienna (see Alap Study Number 
Eight). Although by the terms of that settlement the House of 
Habsburg tightened its grip more firmly than ever upon Italy, the 
Kingdom of Sardinia emerged with increased territory acquired 
at the expense of Genoa. Recall also the unsuccessful attempt of 
Sardinia to drive Austria from Italian soil in 1848 (Hayes II, 131, 
136-137). By this defeat success was not permanently denied, but 
only postponed. 

As you read the text assignment, try to visualize the growth of 
a united Italy by constant reference to the atlas. Draw on your 
outline map the Kingdom of Sardinia as it was in 1848. Indicate 
the territories which Cavour promised to Napoleon III as the 
price of French aid against Austria. Now trace on your map the 
steps in the unification of Italy, indicating in your key when and 
how each state was annexed to Sardinia (1859-1860). Then show 
what the newly constituted Kingdom of Italy secured from the 
alliance of 1866 with Prussia. Indicate what additional steps toward 
unification were taken during the Franco-German War of 1870- 
1871. 

Had Italy now reached her national boundaries? Show on your 
map those lands of Italian speech which still remained in the pos- 
session of the Habsburgs. This Jfalia irredenta will serve as the 
chief explanation of the entrance of Italy into the Great War 
(1915). (See Hayes II, p. 427.) 



THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 151 



]\Iap Study Number Eleven. 

THE FOUNDATION OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 
1815-1871. 



Text: Hayes II, 180-202. 

Atlas: Muir, plates 23d, 24b, 12-13, 5id; Robertson, plates 13-14; 

Hayes II, map p. 181, map p. 211. 
McKinley Outline Map No. 125a. 

Refer back to Map Study Number Eight to review the political 
situation in the Germanics after the Congress of Vienna. On your 
new outline map draw the boundaries of Prussia as they were 
determined in 1815. This Prussian state will gain considerably 
in size and prestige until, in 1871, it will be the leading state of the 
Germanics and the keystone of a new and powerful German Empire. 

The political unification of Germany was preceded by an economic 
union of the principal German states. Show, by a blue line, the 
boundaries of this Zollverein, or customs union, in 1834. And now 
the states which subsequently joined, indicating the date in each 
instance. Explain in your key what influence this economic union 
would be likely to exert in the direction of political union. Observe 
that Austria, which consistently has opposed a strong unified state, 
is not included in this economic union. 

Following carefully Hayes II, 186-191, indicate by oblique lines 
the various acquisitions to Prussian territory as a result of the 
wars with Denmark and Austria (1864- 1866), enumerating in your 
key the states thus annexed. Among these annexed territories 
locate Kid, which subsequently was to be the eastern terminus 
of an important naval and commercial canal connecting the North 
Sea with the Baltic. Note that the Prussian state now is thor- 
oughly consolidated, — east and west are finally joined. Observe also 
that Prussia has gained control of an attractive stretch of sea- 
coast with strategic harbors; this is destined to make the new 
German Empire a great commercial, colonial, and naval power. 

Draw the boundaries of the North German Confederation (1867- 
1871) and color the non-Prussian states of the Confederation to 
distinguish them from Prussian territory. Indicate in your key the 
German states which remained outside this new Confederation. 



152 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

Show on your map, with appropriate explanations in your key, the 
results of the Franco-German War (1870-1871) in the final achieve- 
ment of German unification. Indicate clearly the portions of Alsace 
and Lorraine ceded by France to the German Empire. Thest ceded 
territories included several strong fortresses and valuable iron 
mines, thus giving them increased political and economic importance. 
The German Empire, welded together by "iron and blood," was 
undoubtedly firmly united, prosperous, and powerful ; but it was 
not coterminous with the German nation. Millions of Germans still 
remained outside the German national state. After consulting 
Hayes II, pp. 427 and 435, describe in your key the territorial 
distribution and political allegiance of these German-speaking 
peoples. Furthermore, in achieving "national imification" for them- 
selves the Germans had violated the principle of nationalism by 
including witliin the Empire considerable numbers of non-German 
peoples. To the Polish problem in Poscn had been added a Danish 
problem in Schlesung and a French problem in Alsace-Lorraine. 
These racial minorities will constitute a political weakness of the 
German Empire until they are finally set free by the Peace of 
Versailles in 1919. 



Map Study Number Twelve. 

THE NEAR EASTERN QUESTION. 

Text: Hayes II, 422, 426-435. 468-469, 490-539, 706-707. 

Atlas: Robertson, plates 3, 18-26, 29-30; Muir, 26a; Hayes II, 

maps pp. 331, 427, 491, 535; Hayes III, maps pp. 128, 138. 
McKinley Outline Map No. 113a. 

A. The Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire: After 
referring to Hayes II, map p. 491, and Muir, plate 26a, draw a line 
indicating approximately the greatest extent of the Ottoman 
Empire. Then draw a second line bounding the Empire in 181 5 
(Hayes II, map p. i). Third, draw a line showing the Turkish 
frontiers of 1914 (Hayes II, maps pp. 535, 561). These lines show 



THE NEAR EASTERN QUESTION 153 

that the map of southeastern Europe was altered more radically 
in the single century 1815-1914 than in all the preceding three 
hundred years. 

Fix clearly in your mind, but do not indicate on your map, the 
losses of the Ottoman Empire which were due to the emancipation 
of Magyar and Ruman territory by the Austrian Habsburgs; the 
apparently irresistible advance of the Russians along the Black Sea 
and in the Caucasus ; imperialistic aggrandizement of France, Great 
Britain, and Italy in the African, Mediterranean, and Asiatic prov- 
inces of the Sultan. It will be advisable to describe in your key 
these gains of the various European nations at the expense of the 
Turks. 

The most significant development of the nineteenth and twentieth 
centuries in the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, however, 
is the struggle of the Balkan peoples to throw off the yoke of 
Turkish rule. In this struggle geography was on the side of the 
Christian peoples struggling for their independence; glance at 
Muir, plate 28a, and see how well-nigh impossible it was for the 
Turks to bring under subjection by military force the tribesmen 
of Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, and Bulgaria. The goal of 
national independence from Turkey was practically achieved by the 
Balkan Wars of 1912-1913; show on your map, therefore, the 
Balkan States as their boundaries were defined by the Treaty of 
Bucharest (Hayes II, map p. 535). As we shall see presently, 
however, the final achievement of national unification for these 
nations could be realized only after a struggle against the Habs- 
burgs ; this fact will explain the stakes of Austria-Hungary in the 
Balkans and the role of the Balkan nations in the Great War. 
The Treaty of Bucharest was not a peace, but only a truce. 

B. Austro-Hungarian Ambitions in the Balkans: The forci- 
ble expulsion of Austria from Italy antl from participation in 
'ierman affairs (see Map Studies Numbers Ten and Eleven) led 
t'ne Habsburgs to seek new fields for dynastic and imperial 
aggrandizement. Following the course of least resistance, they 
initiated a Drang nach Ostcn designed, ultimately, to bring the 
entire Balkan Peninsula under their control. To their Serbo-Croat 
provinces of Croatia, Slavonia. and Dalmatia, they added by annexa- 
tion (1909) the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thus was 
forecasted the southward expansion of Austria-Hungary which was 
not to be definitely halted until crushing military defeats and a 
republican revolution in 1918 brought about the disintegration of 
the empire of the Habsburgs. 



154 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

In a sense, Austro-Hungarian policy in the Balkans was defensive. 
The avowed purpose of certain of the Balkan states to achieve full 
national unification constituted a threat to Austria-Hungary that one 
day she would be obliged to surrender some of her most important 
territories. Referring to Robertson, plate i8, and to Hayes II, 
map p. 427, indicate in your key those provinces of Austria-Hungary 
which would have to be given up if the "Greater Serbia" was to be 
realized. It was charged in 1914 that the Serbian government was 
countenancing nationalist agitation by Serbians for the forcible 
seizure of these provinces and for the fomenting of local insurrec- 
tions. Locate Scrajcvo, the scene of the murder which provided the 
occasion for the Great War in 1914. Observe, also, that a "Greater 
Rumania" would involve for Austria-Hungary the loss of such 
valuable provinces as Transylvania and Biikonnna. Only if the 
Habsburgs maintained control of the Balkan states could they hope 
to stave off eventual disintegration of their empire. 

These conflicting nationalist aims were complicated by the desire 
of Austrian and Hungarian capitalists to control the Balkan rail- 
ways. Draw the line of the railway which connects Vienna with 
Constantinople, via Budapest, Belgrade, Nish, Sofia, and Adria- 
nople. Show the off-shoots of this railway terminating in Salonica, 
the important Greek port on the yKgean. Note that Serbian acqui- 
sition of the sanjak of Nozn Bazar during the Balkan Wars deprived 
Austria of the possibility of acquiring another natural railway route 
to Salonica. The economic and strategic importance of these rail- 
ways provided one of the chief incentives to an aggressive Austrian 
policy in the Near East. To gain possession of these routes was 
the main purpose of the Austro-German conquest of Serbia in 1915- 
(See Hayes II, map p. 535, and Hayes III, map p. 128). 

C. The Stakes of Germany in the Near East: The Balkan 
policy of Austria-Hungary was responsible for a number of Near 
Eastern crises (see Hayes II, 706-709) which brought Europe many 
times to the brink of war and which, in 1914, resulted in the pre- 
cipitation of the greatest international struggle of all time. That 
Germany, in each of these crises, faithfully stood beside her ally 
"in shining armor" will the more readily be understood if one 
expresses in graphic form the coincidence of German and Austro- 
Hungarian interests in the Near East. 

German imperialism in the Near East centered in the Bagdad 
Railway. This railway, it was hoped, eventually would provide 
through service from Berlin to the Persian Gulf and thence by 
steamer to India. In Europe the line would run from Berlin to 



INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 155 

Constantinople via Vienna, Budapest, and the main Balkan railway 
mentioned above. Thus far, then, Germany would be vitally inter- 
ested in the maintenance of Austrian hegemony in the Balkan Pe- 
ninsula. After consulting Hayes III, map p. 138, draw the line of 
the Bagdad Railway in Asiatic Turkey : the route will lead you from 
Scutari through Aleppo and Mosul to Bagdad, Basra, and Koiveit 
(See, also, Robertson, plate 26). Note that at Aleppo connections 
are made for Damascus, Jerusalem, and Mecca, bringing the line 
perilously near the Sues Canal. Observe the proposed branch lines 
in Persia. (Note throughout this section that only portions of the 
Bagdad Railway have been actually completed.) 

Glance over Hayes II, map p. 561, and fix clearly in your mind 
the colonies and spheres of interest of the European nations in 
Asia. Does an examination of your map of the Bagdad Railway 
suggest anything as to the reasons for British opposition to the 
project? Why should Russia have objected to the Railway? Ex- 
plain in your key sheet. The Great War was destined to transfer 
the Bagdad Railway to British hands. 



Map Study Number Thirteen. 

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE GREAT WAR. 

Text: Hayes II, 679-719; Hayes III, 13-27, 37-40, 62-65, 69-73. 

Atlas: Robertson, plates i, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 17; Hayes II, maps pp. 
331. 397, 4-'7; Hayes III, maps pp. i, 27, 143. 299, 327; Ham- 
mond's Business Atlas of Economic Geography, plates lo-ii. 

McKinley Outline Map No. ma. 

The student is advised to examine all of the atlas material before 
beginning this Study; otherwise he will have some difficulty in 
locating readily the information required. 

A. France and Germany: European and world politics are so 
intimately associated with the sharp rivalry between France and 
Germany that a clear understanding of their relations to each other 



IS6 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

is the first necessary step in a study of the international relations 
of the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Draw the 
boundaries of France and of the German Empire as they were in 
1914. Refer to Hammond's Business Atlas of Economic Geography, 
plates lo-ii, and indicate on your map the chief coal fields and iron 
mines near the Franco-German border and in Belgium. Of no 
inconsiderable importance are the valuable iron ore deposits in Lor- 
raine, partly in French and partly in German territory. Note from 
Robertson, plate 4, how exposed to attack from either side are the 
industrial districts of France, Belgium, and the Rhenish provinces 
of Prussia; whoever possesses these will be depriving his enemy of 
the very sinews of war. Observe the situation of Alsace-Lorraine 
with reference to the "natural boundaries" of France and to the 
ethnographical limits of the French-speaking peoples. Color France 
solid green ; Germany solid yellow ; Great Britain with red oblique 
lines. 

B. The Balance of Power: Outline in yellow the Triple Alli- 
ance by which Bismarck effected the diplomatic isolation of France 
and maintained German hegemony in European afi'airs until he 
retired as Chancellor (i8go). In the years following 1890 France 
was determined to recover from this humiliating isolation and to 
build up a rival coalition to offset the prestige and power of the 
Central European alliance. The first step in the successful pursuit 
of this policy was the cementing of the Dual Alliance between 
France and Russia (1891-1895); color Russia with green oblique 
lines. Great Britain, still neutral, was inclined to be anti-French 
because of conllicting colonial policies ; one of these clashes nearly 
precipitated a war between the two countries in 1898 (Refer to 
Hayes II, 624, and explain in your key). Largely through the 
masterly diplomacy of Delcasse, the negotiations succeeding the 
incident of 1898 resulted in the formation of the Entente Cordiale 
of 1904; green cross-lines should now be drawn over Great Britain. 
Divergent interests in the Near East and the Far East at first pre- 
vented any agreement between the two allies of France, Russia and 
Great Britain ; these were reconciled by agreements of 1907, com- 
pleting the Triple Entente ; Russia should now be colored with red 
cross-lines. Japan, if on the outline map, likewise would be colored 
with cross-hatching of green and red (explain in your key). 
Portugal may be outlined in red, as an ancient ally of Great Britain. 

In the face of this seemingly hostile coalition, Germany desired to 
cement her existing alliance and, perhaps, to enlist the aid of new 
friends. She loyally supported Austro-Hungarian policy in the 



THE GREAT WAR 157 

Balkans, thus increasing German prestige in Vienna. Russian influ- 
ence became predominant in Serbia after 1903 (explain in your 
key) ; outline Serbia in green and red to indicate allegiance to the 
policies of the Entente. Thereafter the Teutonic powers tended to 
favor Bulgaria (outline brown) rather than Serbia. German 
economic penetration into Turkey was winning the political support 
of the Sultan ; outline Turkey in brown. Meanwhile Italy was be- 
coming restive in the Triple Alliance; she was suspicious and jealous 
of the Balkan policy of Austria-Hungary ; she still cast longing, 
envious glances toward Italia irredenta. To show the growth of 
pro-Entente feeling in Italy, scatter a few green dots over the 
peninsula. 

Your map should now give you a graphic picture of the diplo- 
matic situation in Europe when the assassin of Serajevo fired a shot 
which shook the world. 

C. The Great War: Obviously no single map study could give 
an adequate picture of the Great War ; it will be necessary for us 
to confine our attention to a few significant developments of the 
momentous years 1914-1918. 

Following closely the Topical Outline (pp. 95-103 above), with 
appropriate references to Hayes III, color with green and yellow 
oblique lines respectively the nations of Europe which entered the 
war associated with the Entente or the Teutonic powers. (It will 
be found helpful in this connection to consult Hayes III, maps pp. 
143 and 299.) In your key name the non- European nations which 
entered the war against Germanj-. 

Refer to Hayes III, maps pp. 27 and 327. and then show on your 
map approximately the portions of Belgium and northern France 
devastated by the war. How far does this area coincide with the 
industrial and mining districts which you already have indicated 
on your map? Now read Hayes III, 21-27, 37-40. What reasons 
do you think prompted the Germans to invade France via Belgium, 
rather than via Lorraine? Explain in your key. 

Supplement to Map Study Number Thirteen. 

While it is necessary to have a vivid mental picture of the geo- 
graphical situation of the European nations and of their inter- 
national alliances, it is hardly less desirable to form a clear 
conception of their relative importance in population, industry, and 
trade. Statistics are easily accessible in encyclop-Tedias, the States- 
man's Year Book, and the U'orld Almanac. The student should 



158 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

compile from these sources a table of the populations of the chief 
European nations. On a graph sheet, turned so that the longer side 
of the sheet is horizontal, he should write the names of the coun- 
tries at the left-hand margin, one under the other in a vertical 
column, leaving about an inch space at the top. Opposite each name 
should be inked in a heavy line proportioned in length to the popu- 
lation of the country, allowing each small space to represent, say, 
5,000,000. Population is here taken merely as an example of how 
the graph may be constructed. Similar procedure may be followed, 
at the option of the student, to show relative strength of the 
belligerent nations in commerce, cotton manufactures, iron and steel 
production, wheat production, armies, navies, colonial empires* 



Map Study Number Fourteen. 

EUROPE IN 1920. 

Text : Hayes III, 365-388. 

Atlas: Statesman's Year Book, 1919 and 1920; Hayes II, maps pp. 

331 and 701 ; Hayes III, maps pp. 365, 374, 375. 40i- 
McKinley Outline .Maps Nos. 112a, 114b, 113a. 

A. The New Map of Germany: On outline map No. 112a show 
German territory occupied by the Allies under the terms of the 
armistice of November 11, 1918 (Statcsjnan's Year Book, 1919, and 
Hayes III, map p. 358). Now, using Statestnan's Year Book, 1919, 
and Hayes III, maps pp. 365, 374, 375, show how the map of Ger- 
many was remade by the Treaty of Versailles. Indicate what areas 
were to have their nationality determined by plebiscite. Explain in 
your key the status of tlie Saar Valley. 

B. The New National States: One of the remarkable develop- 
ments of the Great War was the disintegration of the empires of 
Russia and Austria-Hungary and the breaking away of racial 
minorities throughout Europe from their former oppressors. The 
settlement of 1919 attempted to recognize the principle of nation- 



EUROPE IN 1920 159 

ality; and wherever racial minorities were not given complete 
independence, to protect their rights from infringement by the 
majority. Now, using all three outline maps according as they 
seem to you most convenient for each purpose, show how the prin- 
ciple of nationality was intended to be vindicated by certain annexa- 
tions of the Allied Powers, notably France and Italy. Far more 
important than these annexations, however, was the creation of new 
national states. Show on your maps the Republic of Poland; the 
Republic of Czechoslovakia; the Baltic republics of Finland, 
Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the free city of Danzig; the Repub- 
lic of Hungary; the Ukrainian Republic; the Kingdom of Jugoslavia 
(Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) ; and any others of 
importance. Compare your map as now constituted with Hayes II, 
map p. 331. How far has the principle of nationality been incor- 
porated in the settlement? Is the Peace of 1919 more successful 
in this respect than was the Peace of Vienna? Can you discover 
any violations of the principle of nationality? (Answer these ques- 
tions in your key.) 

C. The Dismemberment of Turkey: The best reference for 
this section is the Statesman's Year Book, 1920. The Treaty of 
Sevres effectually destroyed the last vestiges of the once great 
empire of Suleiman the Magnificent and his successors. The "Sick 
Man" of Europe at last passed away. Indicate the disposition of 
Turkish territory in Europe. What solution was arrived at in the 
delicate question of Constantinople and the Straits? Show on your 
map applications of the principle of mandates in the cases of 
Smyrna, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Syria, indicating in each in- 
stance the name of the mandatary power. The principle of 
nationality again was vindicated in the recognition of the inde- 
pendence of the Republic of Armenia, of the Transcaucasian repub- 
lics of Georgia and Azerbaijan, and of the Kingdom of the Hedjaz. 

D. Disposition of the German Colonial Empire: Compare 
Hayes II, map p. 701, with Hayes III, map p. 401. Explain in your 
key which nation obtained the lion's share of the spoils in the Allied 
partition of the colonial empire of Germany. What disposition was 
made of the German lease of Kiao-chao and other concessions in 
the Chinese province of Shantung? What was the attitude of the 
Chinese Republic toward this settlement? (Explain in your key.) 



Appendix III. 

BOOK REVIEWS. 

A useful exercise in the study of modern history is the prepara- 
tion of a paper on some historical book. Such a "review" is ex- 
pected to achieve two quite different ends— the one, informational; 
the other, critical. As a means of acquainting himself with the 
methods of competent writers, the student should read one or more 
typical book reviews in The Nation (New York), The American 
Historical Review, Political Science Quarterly, or some similar 
publication. 

Information Concerning the Book Reviewed. 

At the beginning of every review should be written with accuracy 
the title, author, publisher, date, pagination, etc., of the book under 
consideration. For example, the review should be prefaced by such 
a heading: The British Bmpire and the United States. By William 
Archibald Dunning. With an introduction by Viscount Bryce and 
a preface by Nicholas Murray Butler. New York, Charles Scribner's 
Sons, 1914: xl, 381 pp. Then the reviewer should set forth suc- 
cinctly the plan and scope of the work, rehearse clearly the main 
ideas developed, and report carefully the kind of sources and method 
which the author appears to have used. The seeming formality of 
such a summary should not dissuade the reviewer from using what- 
ever art he may possess, as an intelligible summary requires not 
only insight in discerning what is of primary importance and what 
is merely explanatory and dependent, but also a considerable amount 
of sympathy and a facility to express in a few written pages the 
substance of a volume. It is hoped that by this practice the student 
will himselT learn to read more intelligently. 

Criticism of the Book Reviewed. 

The student should ascertain from the introduction or preface, 
or by reference to some biographical dictionary such as Who's Who, 

161 



i62 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

something of the author's training, occupation, previous writings, 
and political and religious affiliations. This information is important 
in determining' the writer's qualifications and in explaining his 
prejudices, should he have any. 

As a reviewer the student must now summon his faculties of 
criticism wisely to evaluate what he has considered and described. 
He has indicated in general the author's purpose ; it is now his func- 
tion to sit in judgment to decide in how far that purpose has been 
realized. Does the book tell you what you wish to know about the 
subject? Does the author's style attract or repel the reader? Does 
he seem fair in his interpretation of evidence or do his judgments 
seem unwarranted by the facts he cites? Why, if at all, should 
anyone pay money for this book and spend time in reading it? 
Does it succeed as well as other books you know upon this or similar 
subjects? Considering the many things that men and women have 
to do, is it wise to foster interest in such subjects? To whom would 
you recommend such reading, and why? These are not questions 
which can be answered without thought ; and in thus measuring 
the book in the larger terms of human experience the review will 
gain a value of its own. It is hoped that by this practice the student 
will himself learn to develop his critical faculties. 

There is no need, of course, in such a piece of writing for the 
reviewer to draw a hard and fast line between information and 
criticism, putting into part one what the book says and into part 
two what is said about it. Rather, as a rule, the two will go side 
by side to attract or warn the general reading public for whom, it 
is supposed, the review is prepared. 

[Adapted from instructions in .1 SyUabiis of American History 
and Map Studies by Robert Livingston Schuyler and Dixon Ryan 
Fox.] 



Appendix IV. 

HISTORICAL ESSAYS. 

No fundamental course in history is complete unless it provides 
the student with instruction and practice in the methods of his- 
torical research and in the preparation of suitable essays based upon 
this research. The purpose of such essay work is to train the 
student in three fundamental things : 

1. The preparation of a bibliography,— that is, investigation to 
ascertain the best books, magazine articles, and other writings upon 
a particular topic. 

2. The taking of notes in correct form, based upon several of 
the best and most accessible works dealing with the subject. 

3. The construction, from the information thus acquired, of an 
essay conforming to accepted principles of historical composition. 

The task here outlined will involve intelligent use of the facilities 
of the library, as well as critical evaluation and selection of material, 
— useful exercises in themselves. 

Selection of a Subject. 

The first step in the selection of a subject is the choice of a 
general historical field in which the essay is to be written; such a 
choice might be the French Revolution, the Era of Napoleon, the 
Era of Metternich, the Industrial Revolution, the Great War. 
Within the general field thus elected, the student now should decide 
upon a particular topic or subject, such as, The Reign of Terror; 
Napoleon and the Bank of France ; Metternich and the Suppression 
of Liberalism in the Germanics; The Effect of the Industrial Revo- 
lution on the English Laboring Classes ; The Republican Revolution 
of 1918 in Germany. The final choice of a subject should be made 
at an individual conference between the student and his instructor. 

Preparation of Bibliography. 

As roon as the student receives his assignment he will make a 
list of all major works bearing upon his topic. He should secure 

163 



i64 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

probably thirty or forty titles of books or magazine-articles. Each 
such title should be entered clearly in ink upon a separate card, 
together with the name of the author, the date of publication, and, 
wherever possible, the Library call number, the bibliographer's esti- 
mate of the work (if any), and some indication of the portion of 
it dealing most directly with the student's topic. It is expected 
that the student will be at pains to learn all that he can, in a general 
way, about the books cited, so as to talk intelligently about them 
in conference. And the student who has any sort of reading knowl- 
edge of French, German, Italian, or Spanish, should not hesitate to 
include in his bibliography titles of books in foreign languages which 
he understands, for some of the best work on the history of modern 
Europe has been written in foreign languages and is not translated 
into English. 

To secure titles of books bearing upon his topic the student will 
consult the appropriate chapter-bibliographies in the text-book ; in 
J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, Readings in Modern European 
History, Vol. I, pp. 389-410, and Vol. II, pp. 521-541 ; and, for nine- 
teenth-century subjects exclusively, in C. D. Hazen, Europe since 
/(S/5 (1910), pp. 737-772. Moreover, the Cambridge ^Iodern History, 
a standard work in twelve volumes, contains at the end of cacli 
volume long book lists, though unfortunately without descriptive 
comment: Vol. VI deals with the eighteenth century; Vol. VII, 
the United States; Vol. VIII, the French Revolution; Vol. IX, 
Napoleon; Vol. X, 1815-1848; Vol. XI, 1848-1870; Vol. XII, 1870- 
1900. There are likewise useful bibliographies at the end of many 
articles in the standard encyclopedias, notably in the Encyclopccdia 
Britannica, nth ed., 29 vols. (1910-1911), in the New International 
Encyclopedia, 2d cd., 24 vols. (1914-1916), and in the Catholic Ency- 
clopcedia, 15 vols. (1907-1912) : in using an encyclopedia, the student 
should remember to look in the index for topics related to his own. 
If his topic is in English history, the student should also consult 
the Dictionary of National Biography. 72 vols. (1885-1913), under 
the alphabetically arranged names of the principal persons important 
in relation to his subject; and H. L. Cannon, Reading References 
for English History. If his topic is in German history and he reads 
German, the student should consult Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenkunde 
drr deutschcn Geschichte, 8th ed. (1912). If the student reads 
French, he should consult the bibliographies at the close of the 
appropriate chapters in the Histoire generate du IV^ siccle a nos 
jours, ed. by Ernest Lavisse and Alfred Rambaud, 12 vols. (1894- 
1901) : \ol. VII treats of the eighteenth century; Vol. VIII, French 



HISTORICAL ESSAYS 165 

Revolution; Vol. IX, Napoleon; Vol. X, 1815-1847; Vol. XI, 1848- 
1870; Vol. XII, 1870-1900. 

To secure titles of magazine-articles bearing upon his topic the 
student should consult Poole's Index (1802-1906) and Readers' 
Guide (1900- ). Pertinent newspaper comment may be located 
by reference to the New York Times Index and the Times Index 
(London). 

Having completed his list of books and magazine-articles in man- 
ner as just set forth, the student will ascertain, by consulting the 
catalogue in the library, what ones are readily obtainable, and, 
having indicated the library call-numbers on the respective cards 
for such books, he will then submit his bibliography to the instruc- 
tor, again in personal consultation, for discussion and criticism. 
At this second consultation, the instructor will assign a few of the 
more important books and articles, and these are to be read by the 
student and used as a basis for note-taking. 

Preparation of Notes. 

Notes, based upon careful reading of the works assigned, should 
now be taken in a neat, orderly manner. Preferably they should 
be written upon cards or papers of about 5K' by 8^j inches, running 
lengthwise of the page, liberal margins being left at the sides for 
page references or other comment. At the top of each such card 
or paper an entry should be made describing the general nature of 
the notes thereon and indicating the sources of information from 
which they have been derived. A completed card would look some- 
thing like this : 



Economic development of Gibbons, New Map of 

Germany after War of 1870 Europe, pp. 38-39- 

Greatest era of industrial growth and prosperity ever 
known in history of world, — surpassing even that of 
United States. Growth of cities. Railway construction, 
"a network of steel." Mines and factories. Increase in 
population. Growth of merchant marine. Desire for 
foreign markets. Etc., etc. 



i66 AN OUTLINE OF MODERN HISTORY 

A note thus taken may be a summary, or it may be a quotation, or 
it may be a combination of these. After sufficient material has been 
gathered for the essay, the student should arrange his notes in the 
order which he expects to follow in writing his essay. He may 
supplement his notes, if he so desire, with a brief topical outline 
or other plan for his paper. Notes and plan should be submitted to 
the instructor for criticism and for advice concerning the composi- 
tion of the essay. 

Composition of the Essay, 

The essay should follow the accepted principles of English compo- 
sition. It should scrupulously avoid the inclusion of irrelevant 
material; it should be coherent; it should be written in clear 
idiomatic English and the best literary style of which the student 
is capable. In general, the essay should follow the notes but should 
not follow them so closely as to limit the imagination or individu- 
ality of the student. Should it be advisable to use the exact wordb 
of a book or article, quotation marks should indicate the precise 
extent of the direct quotation. Thus will the essay demonstrate the 
student's ability to select, digest, and edit information derived from 
a number of sources. 

Historically, the essay must be strictly and scrupulously accurate. 
Every important statement of fact should be substantiated by a 
footnote or marginal note citing tlu: authority for that statement 
(including title of book and page reference). The student should 
submit his complete work (bibliography, notes, and essay) for rating 
and criticism as a whole. 

Every manuscript should be as carefully prepared as if it were 
intended for the hands of the printer. Therefore, the essay should 
be neatly typewritten or carefully and legibly written in ink, on one 
side only of large-size paper. 



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